PRINCIPLES OF BIOHAZARD AND BIOSAFETY Flashcards
Prescribed by the DOH Administrative
Order No. 2007-0027
Order No. 2007-0027, also known as
“Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Licensure and Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines
anything in the environment that has the potential to cause harm
Hazards
establishment of biosafety and biosecurity manual in a clinical laboratory creates a safe work environment.
Order No. 2007-0027
the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or loss) will happen
risk
oftentimes characterized by presence of hazards
workplaces
It was enacted by the US congress in 1970 and has widely been used as a basis by many countries internationally to
come up with their own regulations concerning safety in the workplace.
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
aims to provide all employees (clinical laboratory personnel included) a safe work environment.
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
the governing body responsible for ensuring and monitoring the implementation of the standards set by the above-mentioned act.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
authorized to conduct on-site inspections to determine whether an employer is complying with the mandatory standards.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
The clinical laboratory exposes its workers to a variety of hazards, some of which are seen in other workplaces.(true or false)
false
7 LABORATORY HAZARDS
Biohazard,Chemical Hazard,Fire Hazard,Electrical Hazard,Physical Hazard,Sharps Hazard,Ergonomic Hazard
include all pathogen or disease-causing microorganisms. These microorganisms are frequently present in the specimens that are processed in the clinical laboratory.
Biohazard
illustrates how pathogens are transmitted. Understanding the chain of infection is essential for one to identify measures that will prevent infection.
The chain of infection
The disease-causing microorganism
INFECTIOUS AGENT / PATHOGENRESERVOIR
Animate/ inanimate object where the infectious agent is found normally living
RESERVOIR
include human reservoir (infected patient), animal reservoir, and inanimate reservoir
RESERVOIR
Routes and means utilized by the microorganism to escape from the reservoir
PORTAL OF EXIT
Method of conduction from the reservoir to the susceptible host
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Involves actual contact/ close proximity of the infected individual and the susceptible host
Direct contact
“Mother-to-baby” transmission
Vertical Transmission
Transfer of infectious agent happens BEFORE birth usually by crossing the placenta
Prenatal/ Transplacental Transmission
Transmission from a person to another person within a group; No specificity when it comes to the involved hosts
Horizontal Transmission
Transfer happens during passage through the birth canal
Perinatal Transmission
Includes Transmission by Fomites
Indirect contact
Non-living object that may transmit an infectious disease (Examples include tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, doorknobs, bedding, etc. )
Fomites
Respiratory particles of moisture containing an infectious Agent and Typically expelled into the air by coughing, sneezing, and even by talking
Droplets
(TRUE OR FALSE )Usually have a diameter of >5 micrometers and capable only of traveling short distances (<1 meter)
False
Pathogen is spread through
droplet nuclei
remnants after evaporation of droplets
Airborne Transmission
Transfer of infectious agents by an inanimate medium (soil, water, food)
Common Vehicle Transmission
Pathogens are spread by contaminated water, usually with untreated or poorly treated sewage
Waterborne transmission
transmitted via this route include cholera and leptospirosis
Waterborne transmission
The pathogens usually develop in soil and is subsequently acquired by the susceptible host from the soil
Soil-borne transmission
transmitted via this route include Hookworm infection and Ascariasis
Soil-borne transmission
Pathogens are transmitted in foods that are incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary conditions
Foodborne transmission
transmitted via this route include tapeworm infection
Foodborne transmission
Invertebrates capable of harbouring infectious agent
Vector-Borne Transmission
Utilizes mechanical vectors
Mechanical transmission
(TRUE OR FALSE)The infectious agent WILL develop while being transported by the vector
False
Utilizes biological vectors
Biological transmission
(TRUE OR FALSE)The infectious agent WILL develop while being transported by the vector
True
Routes through which the pathogen enter the host
PORTAL OF ENTRY
enters the host via the gastrointestinal tract
cholerae
if an adequate amount of the causative agent, Vibrio cholerae, enters the host via the gastrointestinal tract
Development of cholera
if Vibrio cholerae enters the host via the respiratory tract
Non-development of cholera
has three components which makes it significantly different from the 6-part model that was discussed earlier.
CHAIN OF INFECTION
has four circles and is universally adapted to warn about the existence of biological hazards.
biohazard symbol
Not known to consistently cause diseases in healthy adults
Biosafety Level 1 Agent
Relatively common agents that are associated with human disease and Routes of transmission include percutaneous injury, ingestion, and mucous membrane exposure
Biosafety Level 2 Agent
Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium gordonae
Biosafety Level 1 Agent
Dangerous or exotic agents which post high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections that are frequently fatal, for which there are no vaccines or treatments
Biosafety Level 4 Agent
Escherichia coli, Hepatitis B virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Influenza virus
Biosafety Level 2 Agent
Indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or potentially lethal disease through inhalation route of exposure
Biosafety Level 3 Agent
Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers
Biosafety Level 4 Agent
The risk group classification is utilized by both the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
Risk Group Classification
Agents not associated with disease in healthy adult humans
Risk Group 1
A microorganism unlikely to cause human or animal disease.
No or low individual and community risk
Agents associated with human disease that is rarely serious and for which preventive or therapeutic interventions are often available.
Risk Group 2
A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock or the environment.
Moderate individual risk; low community risk
Agents associated with serious or lethal human disease for which preventive or therapeutic interventions may be available
(high individual risk but low community risk).
Risk Group 3
Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread of infection is limited.
Moderate individual risk; low community risk
A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available
High individual risk; low community risk
Agents likely to cause serious or lethal human disease for which preventive or therapeutic interventions are not usually available (high individual risk and high community risk).
Risk Group 4
A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease and can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly or indirectly. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available
High individual and community risk
“Containment principles, technologies, and practices that are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens or toxins, or their accidental release”
Biosafety
“The protection, control, and accountability for valuable biological materials within the laboratories, in order to prevent their unauthorized access, loss, theft , misuse, diversion, or intentional release”
Biosecurity
Mandates that personnel should treat all blood and blood-contaminated samples as potentially infectious
Universal Precautions (UP)
(TRUE OF FALSE)Universal Precautions did not treat other bodily fluids that are visibly contaminated with blood as potentially infectious
False
Universal Precautions did not treat other bodily fluids that are not visibly contaminated with blood as potentially infectious
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
Did not recommend hand washing following removal of gloves unless visual contamination is present
Main flaw
Combined major features of universal precautions and body substance isolation
Standard Precautions (SP)
Most commonly implemented by clinical laboratories
Standard Precautions (SP)
include proper hand washing, utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE), and preventing exposure to potentially infectious aerosols/ droplets
Essentials
Single most effective way of controlling the spread of infectious diseases
PROPER HAND WASHING
According to WHO guidelines, rubbing of hands should last for AT LEAST
20 SECONDS
Proper duration of hand-rubbing is approximately equal to the duration of singing
2 HAPPY BIRTHDAY SONGS
Protective clothing, helmets and other garments designed to protect the wearer’s body from injury or infection
UTILIZATION OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Device that encloses a workplace in such a way that protects the workers from exposure to aerosols that may potentially contain infectious disease agents
BIOSAFETY CABINETS (BSC)
