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PMLS 1 > CLINICAL MICROSCOPY SECTION > Flashcards

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY SECTION Flashcards

1
Q

The performance of scientific analysis on body fluids other than blood: seminal fluid, spinal fluid, serous fluids, synovial fluid, amniotic fluid, and URINE.

A

Clinical microscopy

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2
Q

Is considered as the most readily available and easily collected indicator of the body’s many metabolic functions.

A

Clinical microscopy

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3
Q

Defines urinalysis as “the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe,and cost-effective manner.”

A

The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

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4
Q

The main reasons for performing urinalysis

A

diagnosis of disease, screening asymptomatic populations for undetected disorders, and monitoring the progress of disease and the effectiveness of therapy

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5
Q

Wrote a book in “uroscopy”

A

Hippocrates (5th century)

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6
Q

Made the first description of hematuria as the presence of blood in the urine

A

Rufus of Ephesus (50 AD)

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7
Q

Considered as one of the founders of the origins of nephrology

A

Isaac Judaeus (900 AD)

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8
Q

Detailed the concepts of urine formation, urinary sediments, and urine characteristics in relation to diseases.

A

Book Kitab al Baul (Book of Urine)

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9
Q

Physicians concentrated their efforts very intensively on the art of uroscopy, receiving instruction in urine examination as part of their training

A

Middle Ages

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10
Q

described the significance of 20 different colors

A

Color charts

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11
Q

charlatans without medical credentials, began offering health- related predictions of patients using their urine samples

A

“Pisse prophets”

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12
Q

Involved “ant testing” and “taste testing” for glucose

A

Chemical testing of urine

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13
Q

Published a book that exposed the scam offered by the “pisse prophets”

A

Thomas Bryant (1627)

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14
Q

Revelations uncovered in his book inspired the passing of the first medical licensure laws in England

A

Thomas Bryant (1627)

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15
Q

Introduced the gravimetric analysis of urine by weighing a number of 24-hour urine specimens. No significant conclusions were derived from his measurements.

A

Jean Baptiste van Helmont

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16
Q

Discovered albuminuria by boiling urine; Observed that proteins in the urine precipitated when boiled with acetic acid

A

Frederik Dekker (1694)

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17
Q

First attempt to standardize the quantitation of formed elements in urine microscopic analysis

A

Thomas Addis (1926)

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18
Q

used a hemocytometer to count the number of RBCs, WBCs, casts and epithelial cells

A

Addis count

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19
Q

a hemocytometer to count the number of RBCs, WBCs, casts and epithelial cells present in_________ hours.

A

12 hours

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20
Q

Introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination

A

Richard Bright (1827)

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21
Q

Revealed the presence of albumin in heated urine samples

A

Richard Bright (1827)

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22
Q

Studied renal diseases and clearly established the overall correlation of edema, albumin in urine, and diseased kidneys observed after death

A

Richard Bright (1827)

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23
Q

Number and complexity of the tests performed in a urinalysis had reached a point of impracticality, and urinalysis began to disappear in routine examinations

A

1930s

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24
Q

Rescued routine urinalysis by making chemical and physical examination of urine samples easier

A

Reagent Strips (Urine Test Strip)

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25
Q

were first made on industrial scale and offered commercially

A

Urine test strips(1950)

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26
Q

Launched its first Combur test strips

A

The company Boehringer Mannheim (today Roche)

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27
Q

Accurate urinary results greatly depend on the quality of_________

A

specimen collected

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28
Q

laboratories routinely request patients to collect urine samples using

A

Midstream Clean-Catch Method.

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29
Q

are less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria.

A

midstream clean-catch method

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30
Q

To examine urine color, examine the specimen under a good light source, looking down through the container against a white Background

A

Color

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31
Q

Normal urine color

A

straw, pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow, & amber (relatively dehydrated states)

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32
Q

Responsible for the YELLOW color of urine

A

Urochrome

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33
Q

a PINK pigment most evident in REFRIGERATED SPECIMENS as a result of amorphous urates precipitation

A

Uroerythrin

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34
Q

Imparts an ORANGE-BROWN color to urine samples that are not fresh

A

Urobilin

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35
Q

Refers to the TRANSPARENCY / TURBIDITY of a urine specimen

A

Clarity

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36
Q

Reporting:No visible particulates, transparent

A

Clear

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37
Q

Reporting:Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

A

Hazy

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38
Q

Reporting:Many particulates, print blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

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39
Q

Reporting:May precipitate or be clotted

A

Milky

39
Q

Reporting: Print cannot be seen through urine

A

Turbid

40
Q

INDICATOR OF CONCENTRATION OF DISSOLVED MATERIAL IN THE URINE and Affected by both NUMBER AND SIZE of particles in the solution

A

Specific Gravity

41
Q

Normal urine specific gravity: Random:

A

1.003 to 1.035

42
Q

24-hour urine sample

A

1.015-1.025

43
Q

Normal urine specific gravity:<1.003

A

Probably not a urine sample

44
Q

using urinometers (hydrometer)

A

Direct measurement

45
Q

using refractometer which measures refractive index of the urine sample

A

Indirect measurement

46
Q

Not part of routine urinalysis, only an incidental observation

A

Odor

47
Q

Normal urine specific gravity:>1.035

A

Radiographic contrast media

48
Q

Bacterial decomposition, UTI

A

FOUL, AMMONIA-LIKE

49
Q

FRUITY, SWEET

A

Ketones (Diabetes mellitus, starvation, and vomiting)

50
Q

MAPLE SYRUP

A

Maple syrup urine disease

50
Q

MOUSY

A

Phenylketonuria

51
Q

RANCID

A

Tyrosinemia

52
Q

SWEATY FEET

A

Isovaleric acidemia

53
Q

CABBAGE

A

Methionine malabsorption

54
Q

ROTTING FISH

A

Trimethylaminuria

55
Q

BLEACH

A

Contamination

56
Q

UNUSUAL OR PUNGENT

A

Ingestion of onions, garlic, and asparagus

57
Q

Chemical parameters (and specific gravity) of urine samples are routinely assessed using reagent strips (urine strips)

A

Chemical Examination of Urine

58
Q

Consist of chemical-impregnated absorbent pads attached to a plastic strip

A

Reagent Strips (Urine Strips)

59
Q

A color-producing chemical reaction takes place when the absorbent pad comes in contact with

A

urine

60
Q

Normal Urine pH:Random

A

4.5 to 8.0

61
Q

Normal Urine pH:First Morning urine samples

A

5.0 to 6.0

62
Q

Normal Urine pH:With normal protein diet

A

4.5 to 6.5

63
Q

Red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells (normal and pathologic variations)

A

Cellular elements

64
Q

Only elements found in the urinary sediment that are unique to the Kidney and Formed within the kidney (lumens of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts)

A

Casts

65
Q

Miscellaneous elements:

A

Yeast cells, parasites, spermatozoa

66
Q

deals with processing and preparation of tissue and cell samples for microscopic examination by the pathologist.

A

Histopathology

66
Q

enable the pathologist to make a proper interpretation and diagnosis of a disease.

A

well-preserved and adequately processed tissue sections

67
Q

“Father of Histopathology” / “Father of Histologic Pathology”

A

Johannes Muller

68
Q

became the leading textbook in physiology for much of the nineteenth century

A

“Elements of Physiology”

69
Q

“Founder of Pathology”/ “Father of Modern Anatomic Pathology”

A

Marcello Malphigi

70
Q

Became renowned for his exploration of embryology and physiology of the glands and the viscera

A

Marcello Malphigi

71
Q

to preserve tissues and other samples

A

heat fixation

72
Q

“Father of microscopic pathology”

A

Rudolf Virchow

73
Q

established the world’s first pathology laboratory

A

Rudolf Virchow

74
Q

the first scientist/ physician of the time who emphasized the study of the manifestation of diseases and infections, which are visible at the cellular level by means of a microscope

A

Rudolf Virchow

75
Q

Discovered the fixative effects of formaldehyde

A

Ferdinand Blum

76
Q

A machine used for cutting tissue blocks into thin slices called ribbons/ sections

A

Microtome

77
Q

Sliding Microtome

A

George Adams Jr.

78
Q

Rocking/ Cambridge Microtome

A

Paldwell Trefall

79
Q

Minot / Rotary Microtome

A

Minot

80
Q

Freezing Microtome

A

Queckett

81
Q

Preserving the tissue specimen in as life-like a manner as possible

A

Fixation(1)

82
Q

Routine fixative:

A

10% formalin

83
Q

Process of removing water from the Specimen and Utilizes increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol

A

Dehydration(2)

84
Q

Removing dehydrating agents from the sample and replacing it with a fluid miscible with wax which produces a translucent appearance of the sample

A

Clearing (De-alcoholization) (3)

85
Q

Routine clearing agent:

A

Xylene

86
Q

Routine infiltration medium

A

Paraffin

86
Q

Process where the clearing agent is Removed and clearing agent is replaced with a fluid that will cover the cavities resulting in a firmer consistency of the sample

A

Infiltration (Impregnation)(4)

87
Q

The process of arranging the infiltrated tissue inside a mold containing a medium which is then allowed to solidify

A

Embedding (Casting/ Blocking)(5)

88
Q

Routine embedding medium

A

Paraffin

89
Q

Process of removing excess paraffin wax from the block

A

Trimming(6)

90
Q

A tissue block is cut into thin slices called ribbons/ sections

A

Sectioning (Microtomy)(7)

91
Q

Application of dyes on the sections for studying the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of the cell

A

Staining(8)

92
Q

Process of placing a cover slip on the stained tissue using a mounting medium

A

Mounting(9)

93
Q

Routine mounting medium

A

Canada Balsam

PMLS 1 (2 decks)

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