Principles of Assessment, Prescription, and Exercise Program Adherence

Question 1

Exercise Specialist’s Responsibilities

Answer 1

Educate clients, Conduct health screening and testing, Design exercise programs, Critique clients’ exercise performance, Motivate clients

Question 2

Components of Physical Fitness

Answer 2

Cardiorespiratory endurance, Musculoskeletal fitness, Body weight and body composition, Flexibility, Balance

Question 3

Purposes of Fitness Testing

Answer 3

Health screening, Develop a Fitness profile, Identify physical abilities in need of improvement, Set goals, Aid in exercise prescription, Evaluate progress

Question 4

How to identify physical abilities in need of improvement

Answer 4

Appropriate testing measures and analysis can determine which physical qualities of an individual can be targeted in prescribed exercise programs.

Question 5

Test

Answer 5

A procedure for assessing ability in a particular endeavor

Question 6

Field test

Answer 6

A test used to assess ability that is performed away from the laboratory and does not require extensive training or expensive equipment

Question 7

Measurement

Answer 7

The process of collecting test data

Question 8

Evaluation

Answer 8

The process of analyzing test results for the purpose of making decisions

Question 9

Midtest

Answer 9

A test administered one or more times during the training period to assess progress and modify the program as needed to maximize benefit

Question 10

Formative evaluation

Answer 10

Periodic reevaluation based on midtests administered during the training, usually at regular intervals

Question 11

Posttest

Answer 11

A test administered after the training period to determine the success of the training program in achieving the training objectives

Question 12

Validity

Answer 12

The degree to which a test or test item measures what it is supposed to measure (One of the most important characteristics of testing) Validity coefficient, SEE, Sensitivity and specificity

Question 13

Construct Validity

Answer 13

The ability of a test to represent the underlying construct (the theory developed to organize and explain some aspects of existing knowledge and observations).

Question 14

Face Validity

Answer 14

The appearance to the athlete and other casual observers that the test measures what it is purported to measure.

Question 15

Concurrent Validity

Answer 15

The extent to which test scores are associated with those of other accepted tests measuring the same ability.

Question 16

Predictive Validity

Answer 16

The extent to which the test score corresponds with future performance or behavior.

Question 17

Discriminant Validity

Answer 17

The ability of a test to distinguish between two different constructs.

Question 18

Measurement error can arise from the following

Answer 18

Intrasubject (within subjects) variability, Lack of interrater (between raters) reliability or agreement, Intrarater (within raters) variability, Failure of the test itself to provide consistent results

Question 19

Intrasubject Variability

Answer 19

The lack of consistent performance by the person tested.

Question 20

Interrater Reliability

Answer 20

The degree to which different raters agree; also referred to as objectivity or interrater agreement.

Question 21

Intrarater Variability

Answer 21

The lack of consistent scores by a given tester.

Question 22

Selection and Training of Testers for Test Administration

Answer 22

Provide testers with practice and training, Ensure consistency among testers

Question 23

Recording Forms for Test Administration

Answer 23

Prepare scoring forms ahead of time to increase efficiency and reduce recording errors

Question 24

Experience and Training Status on Test Selection

Answer 24

Consider the client’s ability to perform the technique; Consider the client’s level of strength and endurance training.

Question 25

Age and Sex on Test Selection

Answer 25

Both may affect clients’ experience, interest, and ability.

Question 26

Environmental Factors on Test Selection

Answer 26

High temperature and high humidity can impair performance, pose health risks, and lower the validity of aerobic endurance tests, Temperature fluctuations can reduce ability to compare test results over time, Altitude can impair performance on aerobic endurance tests, although not on tests of strength and power.

Question 27

Test Format

Answer 27

Consider whether clients will be tested all at once or in groups, The same tester should administer a given test to all clients if possible, Each tester should administer one test at a time.

Question 28

Testing batteries and multiple testing trials

Answer 28

Duplicate test setups can be used for large groups, Allow at least 2 minutes of rest between attempts that are not close to the athlete’s maximum, 3 minutes between attempts that are close to the maximum, and at least 5 minutes between test batteries.

Question 29

Testing Order

Answer 29

(1) Resting BP and HR, (2) Body composition/ circumference and balance, (3) Cardiorespiratory endurance, (4) Muscular fitness, (5) Flexibility

Question 30

Sequence of tests

Answer 30

(1) Nonfatiguing tests/ body comp/ circumference, (2) Agility tests, (3) Maximum power and strength tests, (4) Sprint tests, (5) Local muscular endurance tests, (6) Fatiguing anaerobic capacity tests, (7) Aerobic capacity tests

Question 31

The order of tests should be designed in such a way that the...

Answer 31

Completion of one test does not adversely affect performance in subsequent tests.

Question 32

Resting measurements should be obtained first:

Answer 32

Heart rate, Blood pressure, Height, Weight, Body composition

Question 33

Pretest Instructions to Client

Answer 33

Directions and arrangements for facility use, Clothing recommendations. Dietary and exercise restrictions

Question 34

Test Administration and Interpretation

Answer 34

Use standardized procedures, Use established age- and gender-specific norms, Avoid technical jargon, Be positive and supportive.

Question 35

Principles for Exercise Program Design

Answer 35

Specificity of training (SAID Principle), Overload, Progression, Initial values, Diminishing returns, Interindividual variability, Reversibility

Question 36

Elements of Exercise Prescription

Answer 36

F: frequency, I: intensity, T: time (duration), T: type (mode), V: , P: progression

Question 37

Stages of Progression

Answer 37

Initial conditioning stage> Improvement stage> Maintenance stage, General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS); (Introduction of stressors, Introduction of new stressors, Intraday, Interday, and microcycle fluctuations in performance)

Question 38

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 38

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion (One of the foundational concepts from which periodization theories have been developed)

Question 39

Periodization

Answer 39

A theoretical and practical construct that allows for the systematic, sequential, and integrative programming of training interventions into mutually dependent periods of time in order to induce specific physiological adaptations that underpin performance outcomes.

Question 40

Alarm Phase

Answer 40

The initial phase of training when stimulus is first recognized and performance generally decreases in response to fatigue

Question 41

Resistance Phase

Answer 41

The second phase, in which adaptation occurs and the system is returned to baseline, or in most instances, elevated above baseline

Question 42

Super-compensation Phase

Answer 42

New level of performance capacity that occurs in response to the adaptive response found in step 2

Question 43

Overtraining Phase

Answer 43

If stressors are too high, performance can be further suppressed and overtraining syndrome can result

Question 44

Stimulus-fatigue-recovery-adaptation theory

Answer 44

An extension of the GAS suggesting that training stimuli produce a general response; The greater the overall magnitude of a workload, the more fatigue accumulates and the longer the delay before complete recovery so that adaptation can occur.

Question 45

Fitness–Fatigue Paradigm

Answer 45

Every training bout creates both fitness and fatigue, which summate to create preparedness, High training loads result in both elevated fatigue and fitness levels, Low training loads result in minimal fitness or fatigue, Fatigue dissipates faster than fitness and therefore allows for elevated preparedness with use of appropriate training strategies.

Question 46

Strategies to Increase Exercise Program Adherence

Answer 46

Recruit physician support, Prescribe appropriate exercise intensity, Group or peer exercising, Variety, Positive reinforcement (posttesting), Support of family and friends, Optional games to conditioning program, Progress charts, Reward system, Innovative and enthusiastic exercise leaders

Question 47

Technology That Promotes PA

Answer 47

Pedometers, Accelerometers, Heart rate monitors, Smart fabric and sensor technology, GPS and GIS