Principles formative Flashcards
which structure is located along the length of the testis at its posterior aspect and moves in a superior to inferior direction?
epididymis
which structure is cut and tied off in a common male sterilisation procedure?
vas deferens
which structure drains semen into the prostatic urethra?
ejaculatory duct
which bone is part of the axial skeleton and articulates with a cervical vertebra?
occipital bone
which bone does not articulate with any other bone?
hypoid bone
where is the hypoid bone located?
anterior part of the neck, at the level of C3
what structures from the pubic outlet?
ischium (ischiopubic ramus), coccyx, pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities and the sacrotuberous ligament
what type of joint is the interosseus membrane?
fibrous joint
which joint is between the C1 and the neurocranium?
atlanto-occipital joint
what joint has approx 180 degrees of flexion?
shoulder joint
what is the site of ribosome production?
nucleolus
which structure spreads electrical activity directly from cell to cell?
communicating junctions (gap junctions)
what is the site of lipid synthesis?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
what is the name for an avascular, typically polarised tissue that forms cohesive sheets, covering surfaces and lining cavities?
epithelium
which structure is composed of very long elongated cells with each cell having multiple nuclei?
skeletal muscle
which two cell types are striated?
skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
which cells appear striated, are branched and have a single nucleus that is located near their centre?
cardiac muscle fibres
which type of glia produces myelin in the CNS?
oligodendrocytes
what type of cells are microglia?
immune surveillance cells
which type of cells produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
schwann cells
what is an example function of astrocytes?
support and maintaining homeostasis in the extracellular environment
what are the three types of glia cells?
astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes
when do most major abnormalities of development occur?
weeks 3-8
what is the azygous system?
a collective term given to the venous systems draining the thoracic wall and upper lumbar region including the azygos, hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos veins and left superior intercostal vein.
what is the thoracic duct?
major lympathic vessel in the body that return lymph to large veins in the root of the neck
what layers (in order) does an average sized artery have?
- tunica intima
- internal elastic membrane
- tunica media
- external elastic membrane
- tunica adventitia
what is a oocyte?
a female gametocyte that develops into an ovum
what is a acrosome?
a cap-like saccular organelle in the anterior half of the dead of the sperm that contains several enzymes
what is a foetus?
a multicellular and developed from week 9 –> birth.
what is a morulla?
a spherical shape of cells, 3-4 days after fertilisation
what is a blastocyst?
a ball of cells with a cavity and inner cell mass, 4-5 days after fertilisation
what is a zygote?
a single cell organism also called a fertilised ovum
when is an unborn offspring considered an embryo?
fertilisation to week 8
what do enzymes do?
increase the velocity of a reaction by decreasing the energy of activation
how many ADP molecules are phosphorylated to ATP during the complete catabolism of glucose to pyruvate?
4
what is a transcription factor?
a protein other than RNA polymerase that is involved in transcription
what type of molecules do ribosomes consist of?
RNA and proteins
what is quaternary structure?
the relative orientation of one polypeptide to another polypeptide in a multi-subunit protein
what is the direction of synthesis of DNA?
5’ to 3’
what is buffering capacity?
the extent to which a buffer solution can counteract the effect of added acid or base
what is catabolism?
breakdown of complex structures to obtain the ‘building block’ of life
what is anabolism?
assimilation of complex structures from the building block of life
what is phosphorylation?
enzymatic addition of phosphate group to an amino acid residue in a protein
which receptor in the human heart mediates the increase in rate and force due to the stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Beta1 adrenoceptor
what is a example of a organ which receives only sympathetic innervation by pre-ganglionic fibres?
the medulla of the adrenal gland
what is the normal range of mean arterial blood pressure?
70-105 mmHg
what is the resting potential of a typical nerve cell?
-70mV
what is the anterior hypothalamic centre stimulated by?
warmth
what is the posterior hypothalamic centre stimulated by?
cold
what is a malignant tumour derived from a glandular epithelial surface known as?
adenocarcinoma
what is empyema?
a body cavity filled with pus
what is metastasis?
spread of cancer from the primary anatomical site
what is emphysema?
chronic lung disease with loss of elasticity of alveolar air spaces
what is neoplasia?
abnormal uncontrolled growth of cells
what is hypoplasia?
reduction in cell numbers
what is hypertrophy?
an increase in cell size
what is the initial response in the vascular phase of acute inflammation?
arteriole dilatation
which two cell types does granulation tissue consist of?
endothelial cells and myofibroblasts
what cell types does granuloma consist of?
macrophages and histiocytes
what does tissue in the CNS undergo after a stroke and significant cell death?
liquefactive necrosis
where is coagulative necrosis often found?
cardiac muscle
what is caseous necrosis most commonly associated with?
tuberculosis
if the cocci are arranged in grape-like clusters, they are likely to be?
staphylococci
what do gram positive organisms produce?
exotoxins
which type of organism stains purple?
gram positive
what is malaria caused by?
protozoa called plasmodium
