CAP test Flashcards
where does the venous angle lie?
between the subclavian vein and the internal jugular vein.
what does the thoracic duct drain into?
left venous angle
what does the right lymphatic duct drain into?
right venous angle
what drains into the right atrium?
inferior/superior vena cave and the coronary sinus
which vein does the intercostal veins from the anterior aspect of the intercostal spaces drain into?
internal thoracic vein
which vein does the intercostal veins from the posterior aspect of the intercostal spaces drain into?
azygous vein
which layer lies immediately superficial to the myocardium?
visceral serous pericardium
what layer is most closely associated with the route of the phrenic nerve through the chest?
fibrous pericardium
what is metaplasia?
the change from one mature cell to another
what is hyperplasia?
increase in cell number
what is neoplasia?
abnormal cell proliferation
what is hypoplasia?
decrease in cell number
what is dysplasia?
presence of abnormal cells within a tissue
which stage of embryogenesis are the germ layers formed?
gastrulation
what is morphogenesis?
formation of the body plan
what is organogenesis?
development of the primordia of all the organs of the body
Is Km high or low when an enzyme has a high affinity for its substrate?
low
what enzyme transcribes genetic material?
RNA polymerase
what is FiFo ATPase?
a proton pore which utilises the energy yielded from the return of protons along their electrochemical gradient in a condensation reaction with ADP and Pi to yield ATP
why do rapidly contracting cells start producing lactic acid?
they require large amounts of energy in the form of ATP. if they can’t produce enough by oxidative phosphorylation these cells require another way of regenerating NAD+, they use lactic acid as a substrate for gluconeogenesis
what are partial agonists?
drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist
what does SBAR stand for?
situation, background, assessment, recommendation
what is the most abundant antibody in the blood?
IgG
which antibody exists as a dimer and is found in secretions of breast milk, saliva and tears?
IgA
which antibody is a pentamer?
IgM
what anti-microbial proteins are secreted by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces?
defensins
what are defensins?
small cysteine-rich cationic proteins that can bind to microbial cell membranes and assist in killing cells
why is a decrease in circulating blood volume during sepsis?
due to endotoxins causing vasodilatation and intravascular fluid leaking into adjacent tissue
which types of organisms are endotoxins part of their cell wall?
gram negative
what pathology finding would be found on asthmatic inflammation responsive to corticosteroids?
chronic eosinophilic mucosal inflammation
which microbe most commonly causes bronchiolitis?
respiratory syncytial virus
what is the underlying pathology of sarcoidosis?
non-caseating granulomas develop in many body organs, including the lungs
how do you calculate mean arterial blood pressure?
diastolic pressure + 1/3(systolic-diastolic pressure)
leads v2-5 are what region most likely site of infarct?
anterior
leads v1-3 are what region most likely site of infarct?
anteroseptal
leads v4-6,1,aVL are what region most likely site of infarct?
anterolateral
leads II,III,aVF are what region most likely site of infarct?
inferior
leads v1-2 are what region most likely site of infarct?
posterior
what shape is haemoglobin?
tetramer
what is the initial management for SVT?
valsalva manoeuvre
the rate of rescue breathing in an adult with a respiratory arrest should be?
10 times per minute
what would the pulse rate of a person suffering from shock from blood loss be like?
fast
which valvular abnormality produces an ejection systolic murmur?
aortic stenosis
what medication helps improve survival in chronic congestive heart failure?
ACE inhibitors
what causes the rising phase of depolarisation in contractile ventricular muscle?
fast sodium influx
what valvular abnormality is likely to present with a mid-diastolic murmur best heard at the apex of the heart when the patient is in the left lateral position?
mitral stenosis
which valvular abnormality causes a pan-systolic murmur best heart at the apex of the heart?
mitral regurgitation
what is the plateau phase of action potential causes by?
increased calcium influx
what is the repolarisation (phase 3) caused by?
increased potassium efflux
what is resistance to blood flow inversely proportional to?
radius of a blood vessel to the power of 4
which vessel carries blood from the liver (from the stomach, pancreas and bowel) into the IVC?
hepatic vein
which vessel is most inferior of the paired anterolateral branches of the abdominal aorta?
gonadal artery
what does the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?
common hepatic, splenic and left gastric arteries
what is the most common cause of food poisoning?
campylobacter
which organism is associated with food poisoning after eating rice which has been stored too long at room temp?
bacillus cereus
which organism infection may lead to haemolytic uraemic syndrome?
E. coli 0157
how are GI parasites diagnosed?
microscopy by stool
