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neurology > principles biochemistry > Flashcards

principles biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is glucose

A

monosaccharide carbohydrate

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2
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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3
Q

examples of poysacharides

A

cellulose and glycogen

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4
Q

examples of sugars

A

mono and disacharides

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5
Q

what happens in aerobic glycolysis

A

glucose is oxidised and 2 pyruvate are produced in the cytosol

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6
Q

net gains of aerobic glycolysis

A

2ATP invested , 4 produced, 2NAD -> 2NADH + 2H

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7
Q

final electron acceptor of aerobic glycolysis

A

NAD

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8
Q

regulation of aerobic glycolysis

A

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, citrate

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9
Q

stiochemetry of anaerobic glycolysis

A

pyruvate + NADH -> lactate + NAD

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10
Q

what is the warburg effect

A

cancer cells have high anaerobic glycolysis rate and low hexokinase

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11
Q

storage of glucose

A

glycogen, starch, sucrose or converted to lipids

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12
Q

what produces ribose-5-phosphate

A

oxidation through the pentose phosphate pathway

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13
Q

glucose transporter

A

GLUT Na/glucose symporters - passive diffusion

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14
Q

aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain

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15
Q

what are amphipathic molecules

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic and form michelles in water

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16
Q

what are zwitteriins

A

amino acids without charged side groups in nuetral solutions/isoelectric points

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17
Q

what is the function of a buffer

A

since both ends can be ionised, control pH in blood

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18
Q

example of a buffer

A

haemoglobin

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19
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of amino acid residues

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20
Q

secondary structure

A

hydrogen bonding of polypeptide chain eg alpha helix, beta sheet, triple helix

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21
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D metal ion complexes, disulfide bone, hydrogen bonding

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22
Q

quartenary structure

A

arrangement of different polypeptide subunits in a protein

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23
Q

fibrous protein

A

polypeptide chains in parallel, strong insoluble eg keratin, collagen

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24
Q

globular protein

A

spherical soluble since polar chains are on the outide eg heamoglobin and myoglobin

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25
Q

cofactor

A

metal ions, metal cooridination centre in the enzyme - effect the activity of enzymes

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26
Q

metalloprotein

A

enzyme with metal coordinations in its centre

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27
Q

coenzyme

A

necessary for enzyme function

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28
Q

apoenzyme

A

cofactor

29
Q

holoenzyme

A

enzyme + cofactor

30
Q

isozymes

A

isoform of enzyme, catalyse same reaction but different chemical properties

31
Q

regulation

A

by phosphorylation (kinase) or dephosphorylation (phosphotase) active/inactive form

32
Q

zymogens

A

inactuve precursors of an enzyme, irreversibly changed to active enzymes by cleavage

33
Q

proteolysis

A

enzyme regilation, proteins/[peptides broken into amino acids by enzymes such as trypsin

34
Q

what does michaelis menten kinetic model explian

A

relationship between Vmax and Km and how substrate conc affects catalysis rate

35
Q

what is vmax

A

the reaction rate at infinite substrate concentration

36
Q

what is Km

A

substrate at 50% of reaction rate

37
Q

low Km needs

A

little substrate to work at half max rate

38
Q

lineweaver burke plot

A

for determination of vmax and Km uses reciprocals of V and S

39
Q

vmax same Km varies

A

competitive inhibitor

40
Q

vmax varies, km same

A

non competitive inhibitor

41
Q

vmax on lineweaver burke plot

A

intersection with Y axis

42
Q

Km on line weaver burke plot

A

intersection with x axis

43
Q

allosteric control

A

end product inhibits rate limiting enzyme to avoid intermediate build up

44
Q

allosteric enzyme

A

non michaelis menten kinetics, increase substrate concentration causes sigmoid curve not hyperbola fue to cooperativity

45
Q

oxygen to heamoglobin

A

allosteric regulation and positive cooperativity

46
Q

stoichestry of TCA cycle

A

pyruvate -> acetyl - coA +NADH +H

47
Q

what is the TCA cycle catalysed by

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

48
Q

where does the TCA cycle take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

49
Q

ATP of TCA cycle

A

2 ATP

50
Q

stages of TCA

A

uptake of C (acetyl coA)
release of 2C as 2CO2
transfer of 3 pairs of electrons from NAD to 3NADH+H
transfer of one pair of electrons to reduces FAD -> FADH2 by succinate dehydrogenase
1 GTP formed from GDP +Pi

51
Q

what is the only enzyme in the mitochondiral membrane not the matric

A

succinate dehydrogenase

52
Q

what is PDC deficiency disorder

A

X linked disorder causes still births in males

53
Q

what does NADH do

A

delivers electrons to the lectorn transfer chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane _> phosphryl trasfer potential for ATP hydrolysis

54
Q

what happens when NAD is regenerated

A

retuned to glycolysis

55
Q

what inhibits oxidative phosphorylation

A

cyanide, azide and CO

56
Q

how much ATP generated by the end of TCA

A

32

57
Q

what does insulin do

A

activates glucose in blood for glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis and ion uptake

58
Q

insulin defiency

A

no cellular glucose uptake so increased blood glucose some glucose in urine / diuresis which presents as dehydration and the body breaks down fts for fuel into fatty acids and acidic ketone bodies so presents as ketoacidosis

59
Q

what are lipids

A

long chain fatty acids

60
Q

what is lypolysis

A

lipid breakdown, fat stored in adipose tissue

61
Q

what is glycogen

A

glucose residues stuck together

62
Q

glycoenolysis

A

glycogen breakdown

63
Q

glycogen storage disease

A

cant break down glycogen, glucose not released from glycogen storage when required (exercise), glycogen acculumarte causing hepatomegaly

64
Q

what is cholesterol used for

A

memvrane structure and fluidity bile ducts, vit and steriod hormones precursor

65
Q

what do lipoproetins do

A

carry lipids in blood

66
Q

what is a case control study

A

2 groups compared on the basis of a supposed attribute

67
Q

what is a cohort study

A

follows a group of people over time - eg risk factors for a disease

68
Q

what is systemic review

A

literature review focused on a research question, syntheize high quality evidnce

69
Q

what is meta analysis

A

combines findigs from independent studies

neurology (2 decks)

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