Principles and Theories of Learning and Performance Flashcards
What is the cognitive phase?
When a beginner who tries to work out and understand what is required to perform the new movement - trial and error process
What type of guidance is used in the cognitive phase?
Manual and mechanical
What type of feedback is used in the cognitive phase?
Extrinsic and positive
What is the associative phase?
The (practice) phase
The learner will compare their current level of performance with a top level player
Long periods of practice
What type of guidance is used in the associative phase?
Verbal and visual
What type of feedback is used in the associative phase?
Intrinsic
What is the autonomous phase?
Movements are perfected to the point where they are almost automatic
Finer details are focused on
What occurs in stage 1 of the learning plateau?
The performer is in the cognitive phase therefore success rate is low
Demands high attention and concentration
What occurs in stage 2 of the learning plateau?
Performer practices therefore increases success rate
Enters the associative phase
Motivation increases
What occurs in stage 3 of the learning plateau?
Performer reaches plateau so they can no longer progress
Performance levels are maintained
What occurs in stage 4 of the learning plateau?
Performer has a dip in their success rate due to a lack of motivation
What are the factors that cause the learning plateau?
Lack of motivation
Mental/physical fatigue
Limit of ability is reached
Poor coaching
Incorrect goals set
Fatigue
How do you prevent a lack of motivation from occurring?
Set new tasks
Use variable practice
Offer tangible rewards
How do you prevent mental/physical fatigue?
Allow the performer to rest
Use distributed practice
What do you do if the performer’s limit of ability is reached?
Allow them to compete against others of similar ability
What do you do if there is poor coaching?
Try a variety of coaching methods
Try an alternative coach
What to do if indirect goals have been set?
Set goals using the SMARTER principle
Who came up with the Insight Learning theory?
Gestalt
What does the Insight Learning theory briefly state?
A performer will use their existing knowledge to form an idea of how to deal with problems in a sporting situation - if this proves successful, they are likely to use it again in similar situations in the future
What does the Insight Learning approach focus on?
The whole skill rather than parts, as well as skills that are realistic in relation to a game or event
What are some advantages of Insight Learning?
Improves motivation and self satisfaction
The performer must think for themselves
Improves understanding through cognitive processes
What is a disadvantage to the Insight Learning theory?
May not be suitable for a novice performer due to a lack of experience and understanding
Who investigated Operant Conditioning?
Skinner
What is Operant Conditioning?
When the coach uses a manipulative approach (types of reinforcement) to ensure that skills are learned correctly - using the idea that actions are rewarded are more likely to be repeated
Which 3 features is Operant Conditioning based on?
Trial and error learning
Shapes behaviour using reinforcement
Manipulation of the environment
What is the stimulus - response bond?
When a link between the stimulus and the response is strengthened
What is positive reinforcement?
When a pleasant stimulus (e.g a reward) is given to increase the likelihood of a correct behaviour being repeated
What is negative reinforcement?
When an unpleasant stimulus is removed when an action is performed correctly - the performer will avoid the unpleasant stimulus by repeating the correct behaviour
What is punishment?
When an unpleasant stimulus is presented to prevent incorrect behaviour from being repeated
Who investigated Observational Learning?
Bandura
What does the theory of Observational learning state?
We learn behaviours by watching and then copying others
How may a coach use the idea of Observational Learning to their advantage?
They may ensure that they use certain strategies and correct techniques in demonstrations to make sure that their performers learn the skills correctly
What are the 4 processes Bandura said were most likely to ensure success when observing others?
Attention
Retention
Motor production
Motivation
How is attention likely to increase Observational Learning?
If the demo is clear and attractive, the performer can take note of the relevant cues in the skill as their attention can be grabbed and functions and reasons for learning can be understood by the performer
What is retention?
The ability to remember information and recall it from memory - the learner should be able to remember the demo by breaking it into chunks and repeating it
The learner should attempt the skill as soon as it has been seen
What is motor production?
Ensuring the performer can physically copy the demo (set task that is the same level as the performer)
In early stages, success should be ensured by setting easy tasks then progressing as success it seen
What is motivation?
The drive needed to copy the demo
Motivate the learner by giving them praise or reward/positive feedback
Who came up with the Social Development Theory?
Vygotsky
What does the Social Development Theory briefly state?
Interaction with others plays a vital role in learning - these can be learnt from MKOs (more knowledgable other)
What is inter-psychological learning?
When the learn will use the MKO to get advice, feedback and tactical knowledge
What is intra-psychological learning?
After external advice has been absorbed by the learner, they will then use cognitive aspects of skill acquisition in order to analyse, think about and construct actions based on what they have learned
What is constructivism?
The idea that we build upon our existing knowledge by learning from the actions of those around us who are more experienced
What are the 3 zones of proximal development (assessment of what they need to do the next skill)?
What can I do alone?
What can I do with help?
What can I not do yet?
