Principles and theories of learning and performance Flashcards
What are 3 key characteristics of the Cognitive Stage of learning (not including feedback types)
- motor programmes not developed
- basic body positions and movements
- Visual guidance
- Trial and error
What is trial and error
doing a skill, thinking and adapting their actions and then having another attempt
What 3 types of feedback are optimal for a cognitive performer and why?
Extrinsic - they have little existing knowledge of the skill so need help externally
Positive - this will motivate the performer to keep going and negative will demotivate a cognitive performer
Knowledge of results - they will know if the skill is successful, success is maintained and unsuccess is eliminated.
- also they will not understand the correct technique and can be demotivating if they don’t understand the technique which is likely at this stage
3 key characteristics of a performer in the associative stage, what is modelling
- movements become smoother
- more verbal guidance
- still correcting mistakes
- ‘modelling’ = compare themselves to a top-class performer and adjust their movement to reach that level
How will feedback differ from the early and late stage of associative
- early = extrinsic to refine movements, knowledge of performance as they need to start trying to improve technique rather than just results
- later = intrinsic as they now understand the technique, will use KOP here as well
3 characteristics of the autonomous stage (not including feedback types)
- motor programmes fully developed
- movement is consistent, fluent, efficient and automatic
- not much guidance required now
- focus on tactics and strategies
the 3 best feedback types for autonomous performers and why
Knowledge of performance - can focus on improving fine details in their technique, also are experienced enough to do so
Intrinsic - have existing knowledge of correct technique (kinesthesis) so can give themselves feedback
Negative - focus on fine aspects of the skill and it will also not demotivate the performer
- Autonomous can use any really however these are the best
Advantages and disadvantages for both positive and negative feedback
Positive = motivating and gives confidence , can lose meaning if over-used and doesn't identify a weakness Negative = identifies weakness, can be demotivating to cognitive
Advantages and disadvantages for extrinsic and intrinsic feedback
Extrinsic = good cognitive as motivate performer, require a good coach and kinesthesis develops slower intrinsic = helps kinesthesis, bad for cognitive
advantages and disadvantages of Knowledge of results and Knowledge of performance
KOR - can see improvements which is motivating, can lower confidence even if technique is improving but results aren’t
KOP - helps develop technique, cognitive don’t understand correct technique and demotivating if you don’t understand correct technique
what is the learning plateau and what kind of skill does it apply to
- a period of no improvement in performance
- a closed skill
What are the 4 different stages of the learning curve
- stage 1 = performance level is poor as it’s new and the performer is in the cognitive stage so is working required sub-routines
- stage 2 = rapid acceleration in performance as performer begins to master the technique
- stage 3 = hit a plateau as there is no improvement
- stage 4 = performance may deteriorate due to fatigue or drive reduction ( performer has gained success on the task so the initial drive is lost )
6 causes of the plateau and how they cause it
- lack of motivation = lack of extrinsic rewards so lose drive
- boredom - repetitive nature of a closed skill means the performer no longer tries with max effort
- coaching - poor feedback or training methods means they cant improve
- limit of ability - can’t physically perform better
- targets set too low - performer can’t use full range of skills and loses drive as they have hit their target
- Fatigue - cant perform with maximum effort as muscles are tired and DOMS may have built up
6 solutions to the plateau and how
- new targets/goals - increase the motivation and drive of the performer as they have something to work towards
- new coach - offers different feedback which may be better
- coach offers more praise/rewards - increase motivation
- rest - stop the muscles from fatiguing and building up DOMS
- variety to task - stop boredom from occurring and mean the performer tries with max effort
- plateau concept explained - the performer will no longer take personal responsibility which will stop them from becoming demotivated and keep their drive and confidence up
what is visual guidance and two positives and negatives
- guidance that can be seen
- can highlight a specific weakness, creates a mental image in someone’s head
- demonstration must be perfect, if too much info is given then performer can become confused
