Goal setting ( Cohesion as well )

Question 1

What is the definition of cohesion and what is the difference between co-action and interaction

Answer 1

• the tendency for individuals to work together to achieve their goals
• co-action = when cohesion involves every team member working hard at the same thing at the same time e.g. rowing
• interaction - each player has a different role and this role is intergraded with other team members roles

Question 2

What are the four factors of carron’s antecedents and how does each factor influence cohesion

Answer 2

1- environmental factors = size of group and time available - bigger group means more chance of social loafing
2- Personal factors - the way teammates get on with eachother and if they’re happy with their role
3- Leadership factors - the leadership style chosen has an effect on how people feel in the team
4- Team factors - the longer the team is together the more they win and lose together allowing them to learn and be more cohesive

Question 3

What is the difference between task cohesion and social cohesion

Answer 3

Task cohesion = looks at the end result and involves every player working together to achieve their goal
Social cohesion = looks at the interaction of the individuals in the team and how they work with eachother

Question 4

Why can bad cohesion be detrimental and if task cohesion most likely always good

Answer 4

• can cause sub-groups (cliques) to from within the team
• the prize to offer is more important than any social differences if task cohesion is good as the whole team just want to win

Question 5

What is the difference between actual productivity and potential productivity and what is Steiner’s equation

Answer 5

• = performance of the team, the end of outcome
• = the best performance possible based on player ability and group resources
• actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes

Question 6

What are faulty processes and what are the two different types

Answer 6

• things that go wrong that prevent group potential being reached
• Co-ordination problems = players don’t listen to coach’s instructions or don’t communicate with teammates
• Motivational problems = players have too much or too little arousal so they lose the drive to win

Question 7

What is social loafing and what two characteristics of a social loafer

Answer 7

• individual loss of motivation in a team player due to lack of performance identification
• take easy options and make limited contributions

Question 8

4 key causes of social loafing

Answer 8

1- goals are too general and lack meaning
2- lack of confidence in the player
3- coach/captain not offering incentives or reinforcement so players feels like their efforts are not recognised
4- negative attitudes towards their position or role

Question 9

What is the ringelmann effect

Answer 9

when group performance decrease with group size

Question 10

What are 3 methods to avoid social loafing

Answer 10

1- use feedback
2- make sure efforts are recognised and rewarded
3- use a goal setting strategy

Question 11

What are the 3 benefits of goal setting and explain how

Answer 11

1- Increases motivation - as there is a target to aim for people are motivated to achieve it, also when they do they feel pride which increases intrinsic motivation
2- Improved confidence - performer’s technique and results will improve so their confidence will improve
3- sustained effort as performers continue to try to reach their target

Question 12

What are outcome/product goals, what occurs with the athlete because of it, what is the danger with it and what group of people it is not suitable for

Answer 12

• a goal that is set against the performance of others and based on result
• only concerned with winning so aren’t concerned with technique
• the danger with is that if the goals are not achieved then motivation is easily lost as they haven’t seen any improvement if they don’t win
• not good for cognitive as they are less experienced and less talented meaning they not only don’t know how to perform the skill 100 per cent correctly but also can become demotivated very quickly

Question 13

What are performance goals and why are they good

Answer 13

• when the athlete sets a goal to better their own performances rather than comparing to others
• people focus on their technique to better their success

Question 14

What are process goals and what is an example

Answer 14

• goals that are focused on improving technique (particular bits within the skill)
• the arm movement in swimming

Question 15

What is another two positives of performance goals and a negative of outcome goals

Answer 15

• they reduce anxiety as there is less pressure to win
• provide more constant motivation as they experience success more often
• cause stress to gain a prize so therefore motivation is seriously affected if the prize is not gained or if the performer perceives it to be too difficult to obtain

Question 16

S

How should a goal be specific (3) and an example of how specific

Answer 16

• they should be clear and precise and specific to the performer, sport and particular aspect of the performance
• e.g. a left shoulder tackle in rugby

Question 17

M

What does ‘measured’ mean in terms of goal setting and why is it important

Answer 17

• measured with statistics for example the distance, times, number of passes etc
• this allows performers to see how much progress they are making towards their goals by comparing to their previous results

Question 18

A

What is an ‘achievable’ goal

Answer 18

• a goal that you can reach with controlled effort and motivation

Question 19

R

What are realistic goals and what are two reasons goals must be realistic

Answer 19

• goals should be within reach to maintain motivation and effort
• too difficult = cause anxiety and reduce motivation
• too easy = the performer’s effort will not be sustained

Question 20

T

2 reasons why should goals be ‘time-bound’

Answer 20

• it gives a clear deadline which will mean performers sustain their effort
• gives time to assess if the goal is reached and for the performer to gauge progress = keeps motivation levels high as they can see all the progress they’ve made

Question 21

E

Why do goals that are set need to be evaluated

Answer 21

• the coach and player can assess how and when the goal was achieved to see what methods worked well and what methods didn’t so hey know what to use in the future

Question 22

R

What does the ‘R’ stand for in SMARTER and what does it mean

Answer 22

• Re-do
• if the player did not reach their goal or they just think it could have gone better they can do it again by adjusted the goal