Principles and theories of learning Flashcards
Name characteristics of a cognitive performer
- trial and error learning
- developing understanding of subroutines
- extrinsic feedback
- no motor programmes
- need instruction
Name characteristics of an associative performer
- developing motor programme
- smoother movements + performance
- trial + error still occurs but feedback is more intrinsic
- more coordinated
Name characteristics of a autonomous performer
- fully developed motor programme
- skill is performed easily
- high level of consistency
- quick decisions making
- good selective attention
- intrinsic feedback
What is a learning plateau?
- occurs when the learner stops progressing and no improvement in skill is evident
What does a S- shaped performance curve show?
- learning is slow to start
- learner gets to grip with skill
- rapid improvement as performer is motivated by success + practice
- improvement slows down as difficulties are encountered
What does a linear learning performance curve like?
Improving at a steady rate
- directly proportional
What does a positive performance curve show?
Progress is slow to start with but then rapidly improves
What does a negative performance curve show?
Performance improves rapidly at the start
- early success
- improvement then slows + may stop
Why do learning plateaus occur?
- tedium
- lack of motivation
- injury
- player reached limit
- coached reached limit
How can learning plateaus be avoided?
- use mental rehearsal
- make practices more varied/ more interesting
- better quality coaching, using different teaching styles
- offer extrinsic support
Who proposed Insight learning?
Gestalt
What is cognitive theories?
Insight learning
What is Behaviourism?
Operant conditioning - Skinner
What is Social learning?
Observational learning (Bandura)
What is Constructivism?
Social Development theory (Vgotsky)
Who set out Operant conditioning?
Skinner
Who set out Observational learning?
Bandura
Who set out Social Development Theory?
Vgotsky
What does Insight learning set out?
Learning the whole skill and not breaking it down
- no subroutines
-uses the performer’s past knowledge
- encourages cognitive thinking
What are the positives of insight learning?
- time efficient
- develops own strategies for performers
- develops independent learners
- develops understanding of the whole problem
What is Operant Conditioning?
Trial and error learning
- successful response linked with stimulus - response bond
- which can be strengthened with reinforcement
-> increases the likelihood of the desired response reoccuring
What is positive reinforcement?
Pleasant stimulus given to increase likelihood of a correct response
- praise
- rewards
- success to encourage behaviour
What is negative reinforcement?
Removal of unpleasant stimulus when the desired response occurs
- criticism stops when response occurs
What is punishment?
Introduction of an unpleasant stimulus to break the S-R bond and reduce likelihood of actions being repeated
- sin bins
- fines
- dropped from team
What is Observational Learning?
Suggests that acceptable + unacceptable behaviour can be learned by watching + copying others
What are the 4 stages in observational learning?
ATTENTION
- watch demo (should be accurate + successful)
RETENTION
- chance to practice
- performer uses mental image to remember info
MOTOR PROGRAMME
- must be physically capable
- learner has physical + mental ability to complete the task
MOTIVATION
- drive to complete the task
- use of reinforcement
- performer wants to learn skill
What makes an effective demonstration?
- Fun/ realistic
- minimal delay between demo + practice
- use of imagery
- accurate demo
- frequent practice
What is Social Development Theory?
Performer ‘builds’ learning in stages
Stage 1 - what can I do alone
Stage 2 - What can I do with help
-> from a more knowledgeable other
Stage 3 - What can I not yet do
These 3 stages are known as the Zone of Proximal Learning
