Memory models Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key stages in Baddley + Hitch’s model?

A

Input -> Short term sensory store -> Selective attention -> Short Term memory -> Long term memory

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2
Q

What are the key stages in Whittings Information processing Model?

A

Perceptual mechanism -> Translatory mechanism -> Effector mechanism

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3
Q

What is the Perceptual mechanism also known as?
(Whitting)

A

stimulus identification

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4
Q

What is the Translatory mechanism also known as?
(Whittings)

A

response selection

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5
Q

What is the Effector mechanism also known as?
(Whittings)

A

response reprogramming

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6
Q

What happens in the Perceptual mechanism ?

A
  • make sense of incoming info
  • selective attention occurs
  • coding of important info -> stimulus is identified
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7
Q

What happens in the Translatory mechanism?

A

Decision making
- information compared against memory
- appropriate motor programme selected

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8
Q

What happens in the Effector mechanism?

A
  • puts motor programme into effect
  • sends impulse to muscular system in order for movement to occur
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9
Q

What does the working memory model show?

A

What happens in short term memory

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10
Q

What are the key parts of the working memory model?

A

Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer

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11
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Deals with spoken + written material, split into 2 parts

Phonological store
(inner ear)
- linked to speech perception
- hold info in speech form for 1-2s

Articulatory control process
(inner voice)
- linked to speech production
- used to rehearse + store verbal info

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12
Q

What is the central executive?

A

The control centre of the working memory
- uses other 3 systems to control all the info moving in + out of memory system

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13
Q

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Inner eye
- deals with visual + spatial info
- stores + processes info in a visual + spatial form
- displays + manipulates visual info stored in LTM

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14
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

Links visuospatial sketchpad + phonological loop

  • holds info temporarily
  • allows visual + audio info to be chunked together

Acts as a ‘backup’ store which communicates with LTM + working memory

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15
Q

Phonological loop AO2 points

A

hearing coach
listening to teammates

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16
Q

Central executive AO2 points

A

hearing crowd, teammates + then selecting relevant info via selective attention

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17
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad AO2 points

A

where teammates are positioned
where defenders are

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18
Q

Episodic buffer AO2 points

A

info sent to long term memory
pulls out motor programmes and initiate them

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19
Q

What did Schmidt suggest?

A

Said we develop + store schema’s (motor programmes)

20
Q

What are the 2 stages of Schema?

A

RECALL
- initial conditioning
- response specification

RECOGNITION
- sensory consequences
- response outcomes

21
Q

What order do recall + recognition take place in?

A

RECALL before movement
RECOGNITION during + after movement

22
Q

Describe initial conditions
(RECALL - schema)

A

Where am I? What’s happening?
Where are my teammates?

23
Q

Describe response specification
(RECALL - schema)

A

What is expected? What should I do?
What motor programme should I use?

24
Q

Describe sensory consequences
(RECOGNITION - Schema)

A

feedback info regarding performance
- internal feedback as we undertake more

25
Q

Describe response outcome
(RECOGNITION - Schema)

A

comparison of actual + intended outcome
- result compared to objective

26
Q

How does schema’s theory impact how sport should be taught?

A
  1. realistic
  2. build up set of response specifications
  3. frequent + practiced
  4. vary practiced conditions by changing initial conditions
27
Q

Definition of reaction time

A

time taken from onset of stimulus to onset of action

28
Q

Definition of movement time

A

time taken to complete action/ task

29
Q

Definition of response task

A

time taken from onset of stimulus to completion of task

response time = reaction time + movement time

30
Q

What is simple reaction time?

A

1 stimulus + 1 repsonse time

e.g Usain Bolt - response to start gun

31
Q

What is choice reaction time?

A

several stimulus and/ or several repsonses

e.g goalkeeper has a number of different repsonses

32
Q

What factors can affect reaction time?

A

Hick’s Law
Psychological refractory period
Single channel hypothesis

33
Q

What does Hick’s Law state?

A

as reaction time increases the number of choices increases

choice reaction times will result in slower reaction time

34
Q

What is proprioception?

A

all about gathering info from inside the body
- intrinsic form of feedback
- gathered via nerve receptors in muscles + joints

35
Q

What are the 3 processes of perception?

A

D - detection of stimuli
C - comparison to memory store
R - recognition of stimuli

36
Q

How can selective attention be improved?

A
  • increase the intensity of stimulus e.g make ball brighter
  • practice with distractions to increase ability to block them out
  • learn to focus on cues (cue identification)
  • mental rehersal
37
Q

What is the psychological refractory period?

A

Stimulus 1 +2 arrive in quick succession
- can only deal with 1 bit of info at a time
-> leads to delayed response to the 2nd stimuli

Negative outcome on sporting situation

38
Q

What is single channel hypothesis?

A

Bottleneck theory

States we can only deal with 1 piece of info at a time
- only respond to 1 at a time

39
Q

What are the 5 types of sensory information

A

EXTERNAL
- sight
- hearing
- touch

INTERNAL
- kinaesthetic feel
- balance/ equilibrium

40
Q

Chunking

A

Breaking the skilled action into parts/ subroutines

Must avoid giving too much info - will cause info overload

41
Q

Anticipation

A

Pre-judging a stimulus

  • Can be temporal or spatial
42
Q

Temporal anticipation

A

When is it going to happen

e.g when will the whistle for a centre pass in netball blow

43
Q

Spatial anticipation

A

Where and what is going to happen

e.g seeing a rugby player adjust grip, you predict they will kick over the top rather than pass

44
Q

List ways to ensure effective storage of memories

A

Chunking
Mental rehearsal
Reinforcement
Chaining
Practice

45
Q

Chaining

A

Info presented in an organised way