Memory models Flashcards
What are the key stages in Baddley + Hitch’s model?
Input -> Short term sensory store -> Selective attention -> Short Term memory -> Long term memory
What are the key stages in Whittings Information processing Model?
Perceptual mechanism -> Translatory mechanism -> Effector mechanism
What is the Perceptual mechanism also known as?
(Whitting)
stimulus identification
What is the Translatory mechanism also known as?
(Whittings)
response selection
What is the Effector mechanism also known as?
(Whittings)
response reprogramming
What happens in the Perceptual mechanism ?
- make sense of incoming info
- selective attention occurs
- coding of important info -> stimulus is identified
What happens in the Translatory mechanism?
Decision making
- information compared against memory
- appropriate motor programme selected
What happens in the Effector mechanism?
- puts motor programme into effect
- sends impulse to muscular system in order for movement to occur
What does the working memory model show?
What happens in short term memory
What are the key parts of the working memory model?
Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
What is the phonological loop?
Deals with spoken + written material, split into 2 parts
Phonological store
(inner ear)
- linked to speech perception
- hold info in speech form for 1-2s
Articulatory control process
(inner voice)
- linked to speech production
- used to rehearse + store verbal info
What is the central executive?
The control centre of the working memory
- uses other 3 systems to control all the info moving in + out of memory system
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Inner eye
- deals with visual + spatial info
- stores + processes info in a visual + spatial form
- displays + manipulates visual info stored in LTM
What is the episodic buffer?
Links visuospatial sketchpad + phonological loop
- holds info temporarily
- allows visual + audio info to be chunked together
Acts as a ‘backup’ store which communicates with LTM + working memory
Phonological loop AO2 points
hearing coach
listening to teammates
Central executive AO2 points
hearing crowd, teammates + then selecting relevant info via selective attention
Visuospatial sketchpad AO2 points
where teammates are positioned
where defenders are
Episodic buffer AO2 points
info sent to long term memory
pulls out motor programmes and initiate them
What did Schmidt suggest?
Said we develop + store schema’s (motor programmes)
What are the 2 stages of Schema?
RECALL
- initial conditioning
- response specification
RECOGNITION
- sensory consequences
- response outcomes
What order do recall + recognition take place in?
RECALL before movement
RECOGNITION during + after movement
Describe initial conditions
(RECALL - schema)
Where am I? What’s happening?
Where are my teammates?
Describe response specification
(RECALL - schema)
What is expected? What should I do?
What motor programme should I use?
Describe sensory consequences
(RECOGNITION - Schema)
feedback info regarding performance
- internal feedback as we undertake more
Describe response outcome
(RECOGNITION - Schema)
comparison of actual + intended outcome
- result compared to objective
How does schema’s theory impact how sport should be taught?
- realistic
- build up set of response specifications
- frequent + practiced
- vary practiced conditions by changing initial conditions
Definition of reaction time
time taken from onset of stimulus to onset of action
Definition of movement time
time taken to complete action/ task
Definition of response task
time taken from onset of stimulus to completion of task
response time = reaction time + movement time
What is simple reaction time?
1 stimulus + 1 repsonse time
e.g Usain Bolt - response to start gun
What is choice reaction time?
several stimulus and/ or several repsonses
e.g goalkeeper has a number of different repsonses
What factors can affect reaction time?
Hick’s Law
Psychological refractory period
Single channel hypothesis
What does Hick’s Law state?
as reaction time increases the number of choices increases
choice reaction times will result in slower reaction time
What is proprioception?
all about gathering info from inside the body
- intrinsic form of feedback
- gathered via nerve receptors in muscles + joints
What are the 3 processes of perception?
D - detection of stimuli
C - comparison to memory store
R - recognition of stimuli
How can selective attention be improved?
- increase the intensity of stimulus e.g make ball brighter
- practice with distractions to increase ability to block them out
- learn to focus on cues (cue identification)
- mental rehersal
What is the psychological refractory period?
Stimulus 1 +2 arrive in quick succession
- can only deal with 1 bit of info at a time
-> leads to delayed response to the 2nd stimuli
Negative outcome on sporting situation
What is single channel hypothesis?
Bottleneck theory
States we can only deal with 1 piece of info at a time
- only respond to 1 at a time
What are the 5 types of sensory information
EXTERNAL
- sight
- hearing
- touch
INTERNAL
- kinaesthetic feel
- balance/ equilibrium
Chunking
Breaking the skilled action into parts/ subroutines
Must avoid giving too much info - will cause info overload
Anticipation
Pre-judging a stimulus
- Can be temporal or spatial
Temporal anticipation
When is it going to happen
e.g when will the whistle for a centre pass in netball blow
Spatial anticipation
Where and what is going to happen
e.g seeing a rugby player adjust grip, you predict they will kick over the top rather than pass
List ways to ensure effective storage of memories
Chunking
Mental rehearsal
Reinforcement
Chaining
Practice
Chaining
Info presented in an organised way
