Principles and justifications

Question 1

Facilitation

Answer 1

• Promotes motor learning by increasing sensory feedback through the muscles to stimulate or uncover weakened pathways.
• Encourage quality movement from the correct muscle
• Bo-bath concept

Question 2

Good Posture

Answer 2

• promote midline to allow progression onto other tasks/ functional things
• avoid tissue contractures and pressure sores
• improves swallow, respiratory function and organ function
• improves balance and trunk control

Question 3

Bobath principles

Answer 3

Promote quality movement in pt with sensory and motor feedback
- Normal movement pattern (good position, central key points, no compensatory movements and quality movement)
- Hands on to improve sensory feedback to promote correct muscle use and motor learning

Question 4

Carr and Shepard Principles

Answer 4

The brain is dynamic and capable of reorganisation, functional movements based off of what the patient can do
- Task specific
- hands off form therapist but active participation from pt
- cognitive as well as motor, visual and verbal cues
- use of effected side

Question 5

Neuroplasticity principles

Answer 5

• use it or lose it
• use it or improve it
• specific
• repetition
• intensity
• time
• salience
• age
• aim for transference
• be aware of interference

Question 6

Use it or lose it
Use it improve it

Answer 6

Is you use the neural pathways they will adapt and strengthen.
If the are not used in training they will degrade

Question 7

Specific

Answer 7

Making tasks functional will improve functional movements
Specific neurons being used will decide the neuroplasticity

Question 8

Repetition

Answer 8

It takes several repetitions for motor learning and skill acquisition to occur for the brain to rewire itself (neuroplasticity to occur)

Question 9

Intensity

Answer 9

Training needs to be intense for neuroplasticity to occur (stimulating enough)

Question 10

Time

Answer 10

Neuroplasticty can differ depending on time of day. Best before 6months after injury

Question 11

Salience

Answer 11

Training must be interesting and rewarding to the individual to promote plasticity

Question 12

Age

Answer 12

Be aware that plasticity occurs less as one ages.
Might not get same responses

Question 13

Aim for Transference

Answer 13

Training which can be transfered into other tasks is important

Question 14

Be aware of Interference

Answer 14

Bad habits/ plasticity in one skill might interfere with good practice in another

Question 15

Gaze stabilisation

Answer 15

• to improve balance with a fixed gaze on a stationary object
• helps keep posture/ improve extension

Question 16

extrinsic feedback

Answer 16

can improve motor learning and skill acquisition
- it’s from an external source (e.g. therapist) to give external cues or comments about patients performance.
Demonstrate what they did, video, or explain progress

Question 17

Demonstrating/ observation

Answer 17

Motor learning can improve through observation of the task which needs to be completed
it can also help for patients to do some mental practice (picture themselves doing the task before doing it)