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Year 1 > Principles > Flashcards

Principles Flashcards

1
Q

normal pulse pressure

A

3-50mmHg

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2
Q

MAP equation

A

MAP = [(2xdiastolic)+systolic]/3

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3
Q

what is cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

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4
Q

where are baroreceptors located

A

carotid sinus and aortic arch

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5
Q

which nerve slows rate of firing from SA node and increases AV node delay via acetylcholine acting on muscarinic M2 receptors

A

vagus

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6
Q

Stroke volume equation

A

SV = edv - esv

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7
Q

where is renin released from

A

kidneys

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8
Q

angiotensin II stimulates the release of ____ from the adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone

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9
Q

natriuretic peptides examples

A

ANP and BNP

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10
Q

what is the basal metabolic rate

A

the number of calories you burn as your body performs basic (basal) life-sustaining function

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11
Q

what is the control centre for temperature regulation

A

hypothalamus
anterior - activated by warm
posterior - activated by cold

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12
Q

at threshold, ___ enters the cell causing explosive depolarisation

A

Na+

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13
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

when action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to another

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14
Q

is delta G positive or negative in exergonic reactions

A

negative

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15
Q

example of a buffer solution in the body

A

haemoglobin in the blood

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16
Q

what is a holoenzyme

A

enzyme with cofactor

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17
Q

enzyme without cofactor is called an _____

A

apoenzyme

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18
Q

what is the Vmax

A

the maximal reaction rate at unlimited substrate concentration

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19
Q

what is Km

A

it is exactly half of the maximum velocity

20
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to a drug

21
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

what the drug does to the body

22
Q

potency

A

the amount of drug required to produce an effect of a particular intensity.

23
Q

agonists

A

A drug or substance that binds to a receptor inside a cell or on its surface and causes the same action as the substance that normally binds to the receptor.

24
Q

what site do non-competitive antagonists bind to

A

allosteric

25
Q

why do we give LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT heparin

A

small enough to fit through capillaries

26
Q

the higher the therapeutic index, the safer a drug is. true or false

A

true

27
Q

rate of elimination =

A

clearance x Plasma concentration

28
Q

what is zero order elimination

A

the drug is excreted at a constant rate independent of the total drug concentration in the plasma.

29
Q

VINDICATE (surgical sieve)

A

vascular
infection/inflammation
neoplasia
drugs/toxins
iatrogenic
congenital
autoimmune
trauma
endocrine/metabolic

30
Q

main cell of acute inflammation

A

neutrophil

31
Q

opsonins

A

bacteria etc are coated in proteins making them stand out

32
Q

what is suppuration

A

formation of pus

33
Q

are antibiotics effective for abscess centre

A

no, as no blood supply. need to pop it

34
Q

what type of inflammation would be in autoimmune

A

chronic

35
Q

types of necrosis

A

coagulative
liquefactive
caseous

36
Q

example of caseous necrosis

A

TB

37
Q

what is the main checkpoint at the end of G2 (of the cell cycle) regulated by

A

p53

38
Q

metaplasia

A

reversible change from one mature cell type to another

39
Q

Predisposition to cancer genes

A

BRCA, FAP

40
Q

hallmarks of cancer

A

sustained growth signalling
loss of growth inhibition
unlimited replicative potential
resisting apoptosis
inducing angiogenesis
disordered repair mechanism
evasion of immune system
activating invasion and metastasis

41
Q

disordered repair mechanism example

A

xeroderma pigmentosa

42
Q

oncogenes are related to which hallmark of cancer

A

sustained growth signalling

43
Q

bowel cancer screening age

A

50-74

44
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases of a disease during a specific time period

45
Q

prevalence

A

a measure of the frequency of a disease or health condition in a population at a particular point in time

46
Q

gold standard type of research

A

randomised controlled trial

Year 1 (3 decks)

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