Foundations Weeks 1-2 Yearclub revision

Question 1

types of connective tissue

Answer 1

bone
blood
cartilage
connective tissue proper

Question 2

cartilage types

Answer 2

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

Question 3

hyaline tissue is primarily collagen type __?

Answer 3

2

Question 4

connective tissue proper types

Answer 4

loose (e.g. adipose)
dense (tightly packed - ligaments and tendons)

Question 5

is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary

Answer 5

involuntary

Question 6

3 types of muscle

Answer 6

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

Question 7

bipolar neurons

Answer 7

one dendrite and one axon
relays sensation

Question 8

glial cells

Answer 8

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia

Question 9

what glial cells produce myelin

Answer 9

oligodendrocytes

Question 10

blood vessel layers inner to outer

Answer 10

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia/externa

Question 11

tunica intima

Answer 11

single layer of endothelium

Question 12

tunica media

Answer 12

smooth muscle

Question 13

veins - high or low volume

Answer 13

high

Question 14

leukocytes

Answer 14

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
lymphocytes - acquired immune system
monocytes

Question 15

basophils

Answer 15

histamine release, non-specific

Question 16

neutrophils

Answer 16

first responders

Question 17

eosinophils

Answer 17

fight parasites well, trigger allergies

Question 18

monocytes

Answer 18

clean up crew, get rid of dead cells

Question 19

bone physiology

Answer 19

top - epiphysis
big middle bit - diaphysis
between epiphysis and diaphysis is metaphysis (where the bone grows)

Question 20

features of the vertebrae

Answer 20

spinous process
lamina
superior articular processes
pedicles
transverse processes

Question 21

fibrous joints - lots of movement or not a lot

Answer 21

not a lot

Question 22

most common type of joint found in the body

Answer 22

synovial

Question 23

types of synovial joint

Answer 23

hinge
pivot
saddle
condyloid
ball and socket
plane

Question 24

what type of synovial joint is wrist

Answer 24

condyloid

Question 25

subluxation vs dislocation

Answer 25

subluxation - the 2 surfaces are still in contact but not in right place dislocation - fully out of place

Question 26

skeletal muscle - voluntary or involuntary control

Answer 26

voluntary

Question 27

epicardium

Answer 27

outer. contains great vessels

Question 28

myocardium

Answer 28

cardiac monocytes and muscle cells

Question 29

endocardium

Answer 29

thin inner connective tissue, lines chambers and valves

Question 30

pericardium

Answer 30

double layered sac surrounding the hear

Question 31

do the bigger arteries have more or less elastin

Answer 31

more

Question 32

which are typically located deeper - arteries or veins?

Answer 32

arteries

Question 33

anastomoses

Answer 33

connection of vessels

Question 34

veins compared to arteries

Answer 34

thinner walls less muscle larger lumen blood going back to heart, lower pressure

Question 35

venous valves

Answer 35

folds in the tunica intermedia

Question 36

venae comitantes

Answer 36

paired veins that lie around arteries, the pulse propels veins

Question 37

lymphatics - what it does

Answer 37

manages fluid levels in the body and helps fight infections

Question 38

blood pressure

Answer 38

the outwards pressure exerted by blood on blood vessel walls

Question 39

normal BP range

Answer 39

systolic: 90-120mmHg diastolic: 60-80mmHg

Question 40

hypertension

Answer 40

140/90 or higher (135/85 in a daytime average)

Question 41

pulse pressure

Answer 41

difference between systolic and diastolic

Question 42

normal pulse pressure range

Answer 42

30-50mmHg

Question 43

what is MAP

Answer 43

the average arterial BP during a single cardiac cycle

Question 44

true or false - relaxation period of the heart is twice as long as the contraction period

Answer 44

true

Question 45

cardiac output

Answer 45

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

Question 46

stroke volume

Answer 46

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart per heart beat

Question 47

autonomic control - what affects the stroke volume

Answer 47

strength of contraction affects the stroke volume

Question 48

intrinsic factors that increase stroke volume

Answer 48

volume increase, myocyte stretch, forceful contraction

Question 49

control of HR

Answer 49

faster: sympathetic (noradrenaline B1 receptors) slower: parasympathetic (acetylcholine M2 receptors)

Question 50

natural pacemaker of the heart

Answer 50

sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 51

embryonic period

Answer 51

week 3-8

Question 52

foetal period

Answer 52

week 9-40

Question 53

phases of embryogenesis

Answer 53

1. gametogenesis 2. fertilisation 3. cleavage 4. gastrulation 5. formation of a body plan 6. organogenesis

Question 54

gametogenesis

Answer 54

forming of gametes - oogenesis (happens during embryonic development) - spermatogenesis (starts at puberty)

Question 55

fertilisation (union of sperm and egg) forms a ______

Answer 55

zygote

Question 56

where should fertilisation occur

Answer 56

at the ampulla

Question 57

cleavage

Answer 57

period of rapid mitotic cell division

Question 58

when does cleavage occur

Answer 58

days 1-4

Question 59

what does cleavage form

Answer 59

the morula then blastocyst

Question 60

when does the blastocyst implant into the posterior wall of uterine wall

Answer 60

day 6

Question 61

germ layers

Answer 61

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

Question 62

which germ layer develops into organs

Answer 62

mesoderm