Principles

Question 1

Vmax

Answer 1

the maximum velocity of the reaction

Question 2

Km

Answer 2

concentration of substrate that gives half of the Vmax

Question 3

Hb

Answer 3

allosteric, sigmoidal, doesn’t follow Michaelis menten

Question 4

Myoglobin

Answer 4

michaelis menten kinetics - because it is hyperbolic

Question 5

Competitive Inhibitors

Answer 5

Vmax stays the same, but Km will vary - an example of this is methanol poisoning

Question 6

Non-competitive inhibitor

Answer 6

Vmax varies, but the Km will stay the same

Question 7

Line-weaver burk plotting

Answer 7

Line-weaver burk allows Vmax and Km to be plotted accurately as it plots them in a y=mx+c equation

Question 8

Key enzyme of glycolysis

Answer 8

Phosphofructokinase - uses 2 ATP, makes 4 ATP - net + 2ATP

Question 9

Hexokinase

Answer 9

responsible for the substrate entry and pyruvate kinase is responsible for product exit

Question 10

Which Ig is found in mucosa?

Answer 10

IgA

Question 11

Which Ig is found in breast milk?

Answer 11

IgA - particularly protective against polio

Question 12

Which Ig is associated with hypersensitivity?

Answer 12

IgE

Question 13

What receptors do IgE bind to to bring about a response?

Answer 13

Fc receptors

Question 14

Most common type of Ig

Answer 14

IgG - crosses the placenta

Question 15

First antibody to appear in response to an antigen

Answer 15

IgM

Question 16

What produces endotoxin?

Answer 16

gram-negative bacteria

Question 17

What produces exotoxin?

Answer 17

gram-positive bacteria

Question 18

What is used for gram-positive cover?

Answer 18

Vancomycin

Question 19

What are the -mycin antibiotics used for?

Answer 19

Streptococcal infections

Question 20

Inheritance pattern of CF?

Answer 20

Autosomal recessive - 25%

Question 21

Characteristics of an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern?

Answer 21

2 mutated copies, usually unaffected parents - carriers, not seen in every generation

Question 22

Classical oncogene

Answer 22

• ras/myc - stimulate cell growth and inhibit death

Question 23

Tumour suppressor gene

Answer 23

p53, APC, BRCA1 - inhibit cell growth and stimulate death

Question 24

Erection - parasympathetic or sympathetic?

Answer 24

parasympathetic

Question 25

Ejaculation - sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 25

sympathetic

Question 26

Insulating material

Answer 26

Increase membrane resistance - cells and tissues document

Question 27

types of cells in the PNS?

Answer 27

Schwann cells

Question 28

types of cells in CNS?

Answer 28

Oligodendrocytes

Question 29

Types of glial cells in the CNS

Answer 29

Astrocytes, Microglia

Question 30

Function of astrocytes

Answer 30

Homeostasis

Question 31

Function of microglia

Answer 31

Immune surveillance

Question 32

What colour gram positive stain?

Answer 32

Blue/purple

Question 33

Shape of cocci

Answer 33

Sphere-shaped

Question 34

Shape of bacilli

Answer 34

Rod-shaped

Question 35

Clusters of gram positive

Answer 35

usually staphylococcus

Question 36

Chains of gram positive

Answer 36

``` usually streptococcus (alpha or beta haemolytic) S. pneumoniae (a-haemolytic) ```

Question 37

What colour does gram negative stain?

Answer 37

Pink/Red

Question 38

Hyperplasia

Answer 38

Increase in cell number

Question 39

Hypertrophy

Answer 39

Increase in cell size

Question 40

Atrophy

Answer 40

Decrease in cell size

Question 41

Metaplasia

Answer 41

Change from one mature cell type to another mature cell type - high risk of cancer growth

Question 42

Barret's oesophagus

Answer 42

Change from squamous epithelial cells to columnar epithelial cells - an example of metaplasia

Question 43

Neoplasia

Answer 43

New growth which is not in response to a stimulus - can be benign, malignant or pre-malignant

Question 44

When does neoplasia become malignant?

Answer 44

When it goes beyond basement membrane

Question 45

Dysplasia

Answer 45

Disordered growth without stimulus - rarely invades the basement membrane. However, often graded, higher the grade, the lower the prognosis

Question 46

Apoptosis

Answer 46

Organised cell death