Prime Minister and the Executive

Question 1

What is the difference between the executive and the core executive

Answer 1

The executive is another word for government
The core executive is the most important elements of the government i.e. Cabinet Ministers, senior civil servants and SPADs

Question 2

What are the two mandates that are roles of the executive
What is its fiscal role

Answer 2

The mandate that stems from its manifesto
Its “doctors mandate” - policies in response to changing conditions i.e. COVID or the cost of living crisis
Proposing a budget - how money will be split up

Question 3

Key powers of the executive

Answer 3

Able to freely introduce and likely pass legislation
Able to use statutory instruments to amend primary legislation
Control over the budget

Question 4

Sources of power for a Prime Minister (theoretical and in reality)

Answer 4

Officially, the power comes from the monarch asking someone to form a head of state. This comes from the fact they are able to command a majority or working coalition in the HoC.

Question 5

Do Prime Ministers have to win general elections? Do they have to be MPs?

Answer 5

No, 7 of the last 10 prime Ministers first became PM through a leadership contest. To avoid a constitutional crisis, they should be i.e. Alec Douglas-Home resigneed from the lords to fight a byelection

Question 6

What powers does the Prime Minister have thanks to the royal prerogative - 6 points

Answer 6

Determines the makeup of Cabinet and Cabinet Committees (patronage)
Makes senior appointments to the civil service
Appoints Life Peers
Negotiates foreign policy
Is the commander-in-chief
Leads the government’s tone and policy

Question 7

Who can the Cabinet be made up of

Answer 7

MPs and Lords i.e. Lord Frost served as Brexit secretary

Question 8

What is each government department headed by? What are their roles and responsibilities?

Answer 8

A Cabinet Minister
Responsible for policy formulation and implementation within that department, as well as providing advice to the PM and adhering to CCR

Question 9

Other members of thee executive involved in a government department

Answer 9

Junior Ministers and Parliamentary undersecretaries i.e. “bag carriers”, as well as senior civil service secretaries

Question 10

Current Justice Secretary
Education Secretary
Home secretary

Answer 10

Dominic Raab (also DPM)
Gillian Keegan
Suella Braverman

Question 11

What sets the Prime Minister apart at Cabinet meetings

Answer 11

Dictates agenda and has armrests on their chair
Sets the seating plan and takes a “sounding” (not a vote)

Question 12

Roles of Cabinet w/ examples

Answer 12

Legitimises all government bills, often called a “rubber stamp” - any major piece of current legislation is an example
If controversial, can determine key issues i.e. May’s Cabinet was called to Chequers to determine the government policy on Brexit
Dictate order of parliamentary business according to political will and support i.e. Sunak hasn’t confirmed to a scheduling of the Bill of Rights
Can act as a last court of appeal in the case of a departmental dispute

Question 13

What is a sofa government? Who coined the phrase and why.

Answer 13

Coined by Sir Robin Butler - chief of the civil service when Blair was in power. A sofa government is when decisions are made outside of Cabinet

Question 14

What is Cabinet government? What is its opposite?

Answer 14

Cabinet government is when Cabinet plays a key role in the development of policy and fulfills its traditional roles

Its opposite is prime ministerial government - where the prime minister dominates decision-making

Question 15

When considering whether Cabinet is influential or not - what three points should we weigh up?

Answer 15

Who makes large decisions and sets the tone of government?

Who is responsible for policy formulation?

How important is collective cabinet responsibility/ can it challenge the PM?

Question 16

Who did Walter Bagehot point out be appointed to Cabinet as they are “better inside the tent than out”. Who does this satisfy and what does it achieve?

Answer 16

The “big beasts” of the party i.e. Sunak appointing Penny Mordaunt and Suella Braverman.
Keeps party unified as various groups have access to Cabinet, esp. important for Theresa May who included Johnson and David Davis to appease brexiteers

Question 17

What was one of Theresa May’s aims when appointing her cabinet? How did she do this

Answer 17

Wanted a Cabinet that “looks like the country it serves”. Advanced the most women and ethnic minorities and sacked George Osborne to get rid of Cameron’s “chumocracy”

Question 18

What is primes inter pares?

Answer 18

Primes inter pares - the prime minister as first amongst equals (in Cabinet). Once again set out by Bagehot

Question 19

Who expanded Number 10 office into a “department in all but name”?
Some examples of advisors in this office

Answer 19

Tony Blair - made Johnathan Powell chief of staff and Alastair Campbell Communications director

Question 20

Staff in Thatcher’s Number 10 office vs Blairs

Answer 20

90 vs 226 in 2005

Question 21

How did Blair change the function of the Cabinet Office

Answer 21

Went from aiming to ensure collective decision making and effective policy to nearly 600 staff primarily serving the PM

Question 22

How many SpAds did Blair have at the highest point?

Answer 22

Around 84

Question 23

Famous recent SpAds

Answer 23

Allegra Strutton - had to resign after joking abiut Downing Street party
Dominic Cummings - Johnson’s “chief adviser”
Fiona Hill and Nick Timothy - May’s “unelected DPMs” - argued with the Chancellor over the budget and wrote letters critical of Ministers. Forced to resign by the party

Question 24

Why did Sajid Javid quit as a Minister under Johnson

Answer 24

The PM, who approves all SpAds, was going to replace Javid’s SpAds with his own - increasing the PM’s influence

Question 25

Is the Prime Minister too powerful - 3 points to discuss All this depends on??

Answer 25

Powers of patronage + controls Cabinet Leader of the HoC - can get legislation through + more control over policy formulation Increasingly presidential/ smart PMs are gaining more and more power - use of uncodified constitution All this depends on unity, size of majority and personal mandate i.e. May vs Johnson ++ elastic band theory

Question 26

LSE Professor George Jones' theory on Prime Minister power?

Answer 26

Elastic band theory - PM power can only go so far before springing back.

Question 27

Who famously argued increasingly presidential PMs were using spatial leadership - what is this

Answer 27

Michael Foley Setting themselves apart from their party to build a personal brand and secure a personal mandate

Question 28

Are PMs becoming increasingly presidential - discuss w/ 3 points

Answer 28

Election campaigns - debates, advertising Populist outreach, public appeals and policy branding - focus on foreign affairs?? Sofa government,, expansion of the Cabinet Office

Question 29

Examples of when the PM's powers of patronage and control over Cabinet was too powerful What does patronage and sidelining the Cabinet depend on - any examples?

Answer 29

Can theoretically use appointments and reshuffles to reward loyalty i.e. Truss and Kwarteng, Sunak promoting John Glen from PPS to Jr Minister Can also sideline Cabinet - started with Wilson's Kitchen Cabinet - continued with Blair's Sofa Government and Cameron's the Quad Must be reflective of the "big beasts of the jungle" to control groups i.e. Johnson with the ERG/ NRG and May w/ Brexit Ultimately depends on party's trust and majority - hence Blair was allowed due to massive success... reversed post-Iraq. May's ambition policies pre and post 2017 election

Question 30

The PM leads the HoC and uses SpAds to dominate policy formulation - examples Is this actually true - 3 ways the PM can be challenged w/ examples

Answer 30

Famous SpAds and massive expansion of Cabinet Office mean have more control - see Sajid Javid's resignation.. "unelected DPMs" Combines with powers of patronage to make "voting fodder" Select Committees can provide powerful scrutiny i.e. Liasion Comittee criticised Johnson HoL are much less whipped - scrutinise any 2ndary legislation + propose amendments i.e. forcing May to eliminate a Hard Brexit and Police, Crime .. Bill Accountable to party - 1922 Committee used to weaken May and challenge Johnson... faces rebellions... Truss over Fracking, Johnson over "draconian" lockdown

Question 31

Examples of PMs becoming too powerful due to being more presidential and gaming the Constitution... (foreign powers and ministerial code) However

Answer 31

Repeal of the Fixed Term Parliament Act,, increases powers PM has virtually no checks on military deployment - weak convention was never made into law as May showed in 2018, and Cameron did in Libya and Mali PMs control ethics adviser and enforce the ministerial code i.e. Johnson changed Minsterial Code to remove Nolan principles. Both of Johnson's ethics advisers quit after being, or fear of being ignored. Mps were whipped to defend Owen Paterson... who was clearly in the wrong Foreign intervention does not equal power - May clearly lacked power at home... Still a slight precedent and PMs are wary post-Iraq Johnson did resign - depends on support of party. The pork pie plot and fined... lost all authority. Same with Truss who broke convention with the mini budget - no OBR oversight

Question 32

"events, dear boy, events" - who said this and why. Recent example of this enhancing PM power.. link this to George Jones

Answer 32

Harold McMillan - how politics and PM power is shaped. Boris Johnson got unheard of power over civil liberties with Parliamentary support over COVID... and then lost it all over illegal parties. Shows the elastic band theory

Question 33

All prime ministers are ........., only some prime ministers are ..........

Answer 33

preeminent - all PMs have existing, institutional powers and theoretical checks and balances predominant - only some prime ministers can make full use of these powers

Question 34

Examples of more presidential PMs during elections? Does this actually mean anything?

Answer 34

Leadership debates - media overall focuses more on leaders i.e. Corbyn was demonised vs Johnson's "brand" Focus on clash of personalities i.e. Cameron's focus on family over Cabinet Use of spatial leadership i.e. Cameron distancing himself from the nasty party, May from the "chumocracy" However, merely represents a style shift rather than actual, presidential power Cameron still had to appease core voters Did Johnson's brand win the red wall- or his party's "Get Brexit Done" slogan

Question 35

When in power, how are PMs using their role to become more presidential (policies + populism) How can this backfire,, marks a return to....

Answer 35

Personal branding of policies and speeches add authority to the "personal mandate" of the PM Increasingly populist tone... Cameron fought for gay marriage,, Blair put forward the case for Iraq to the public,, Johnson gave speeches about lockdown Using their royal prerogative and international status to gain prestige i.e. Johnson spearheaded Ukraine intervention, not Truss However, the personal mandate can quickly be eroded and lead to a return to preeminence.. Blair had to share more power with Cabinet post-Iraq Johnson faced huge backlash over breaking laws, as well as nepotism when handling PPE "£9bn wasted" Links back to elastic band theory

Question 36

Presidential PMs are able to sideline the ..., using SpAds instead Can/ has this trend been reversed?

Answer 36

Massive expansion of gov. office since Blair ... Cabinet to "quasi- prime ministerial office" Huge roles and briefs for figures such as Blair, Cummings, Canzini - May's "deputy prime ministers" . Use of the quad, sofa government etc. Instead of primes inter pares Public and party backlash against use - especially if the party is disunited or is close in polls i.e. unelected DPMs forced to resign post-2017, Cummings quit. Also more independent i.e. Johnson's head of polic unit quit over Jimmy Saville row - Cummings replaced with more respected Canzini... shows party has power. Jeremy Hunt refused to move Cabinet roles under May,, was seen as the man in charge towards the end of Truss' premiership

Question 37

When did Thatcher reach the height of her powers - why

Answer 37

1982/83 - Nicknamed the "iron lady" and success in the Falklands w/ good economics indicators led her to a 144 seat majority.

Question 38

Some of Thatcher's achievements

Answer 38

Never lost a general election, restructured the economy as promised, dealt with Iranian Embassy Crisis, the Falklands and the Cold War relatively effectively

Question 39

Some of Thatcher's failures

Answer 39

3rd term onwards saw controversy with the poll tax, the Westland affair meant a more rebellious backbench

Question 40

Which theory does Thatcher's career track

Answer 40

Elastic band theory - Thatcher was initially predominant with a large majority and her personal brand behind policies - saw her sideline Cabinet and fill it with loyalists to start with Then went to preeminent with poll tax, power moved back in tandem with Cabinet who eventually removed her

Question 41

Who believed PMs were either preeminent or predominant?

Answer 41

Richard Hefferman

Question 42

When was Blair most powerful

Answer 42

First term -179 majority and pushed through his major policy and achievements

Question 43

Blair's achievements?

Answer 43

HoL reform, devolution, increasing healthcare spending, min. wage, HRA CRA

Question 44

Blairs failures - return to preeminence

Answer 44

Iraq - he became fixated on following America. Led to being forced out by Cabinet and much diminished political capital

Question 45

Examples of Johnson's powers and achievements

Answer 45

Secured a larger election victory to "get Brexit done" - which he did within 100 days. Ukraine response seen as a way for him to boost his fortunes

Question 46

What events marked Johnson's return to preeminence

Answer 46

Supreme Court banned his use of the royal prerogative. Mass resignation in July, no confidence vote, pork pie plot etc. Refused to use preeminent powers against Chris Pincher or Owen Patterson

Question 47

What is individual ministerial responsibility, what two categories does it fall into

Answer 47

If a Minister is incompetent, makes errors of judgement etc. they are obliged to resign Role responsibility - policy/ departmental leadership Personal responsibility - Ministers should obey the law, Parliamentary conventions and an "unwritten moral code"

Question 48

Who writes the ministerial code

Answer 48

The Prime Minister

Question 49

What did Boris Johnson not change about the Ministerial code - how does this show its weakness

Answer 49

Ethics minister still requires PM approval to start an investigation Doesn't believe it is the role of Parliament top question executive behaviour The code is not legislated - nothing forcing him to resign if the Privilege Committee found that he broke it

Question 50

2 examples of Ministers resigning for personal responsibility - why

Answer 50

Gavin Williamson - for bullying in 2022. First potential scandal for Sunak - who wanted to set himself apart from Johnson "not acceptable" Matt Hancock - for breaching corona regulations. Came due to massive party and public pressure - but not from Johnson "the matter is closed" Owen Paterson

Question 51

2 examples of Ministers not resigning despite personal responsibility - why not

Answer 51

Priti Patel - a report found she had bullied numerous civil servants. Johnson dismissed the report - he liked her and so did voters Sunak - was fined and hence broke rule of law Boris Johnson - lied about not knowing Chris Pincher allegations and about lockdown parties - was then fined

Question 52

2 examples of Ministers resigning for role responsibility - how are they an "air raid shelter"

Answer 52

Amber Rudd resigned following immense pressure due to the Windrush scandal - 2018. Seen as an air raid shelter for May who was HS when much of these policies were enstated i.e. "Hostile environment" Lord Carrington - resigned following invasion of Falklands by Argentina

Question 53

2 examples of ministers not resigning over role responsibility 1 who didn't as he wasn't aware of civil service actions

Answer 53

Gavin Williamson as Education secretary - botched exam results were "nothing to do with me" and he blamed OFQUAL - a next steps agency which confuses IMR as it is semi autonomous Estelle Morris - Blair's education secretary was not up to the job David Maxwell Fyfe - didn't resign during the Crichel0down affair, advised his junior minister not to. Wrote up the Maxwell-Fyfe guidelines for such matters

Question 54

Under CCR, when should you resign

Answer 54

If you do not agree with a government policy, you should resign

Question 55

2 examples of resignations under CCR 1 mass resignation

Answer 55

Johnson and David Davis resigned over May's Brexit - both were critical while in Cabinet as well Lord Frost resigned over Boris Johnson's "direction of travel" Mass resignation July 2022 over Johnson's handling and conduct - over 50 members of governments resigned over 3 days

Question 56

Has CCR been more or less respected recently - why

Answer 56

Less Coalition government and divided parties have meant enforcement is weaker i.e. no CCR for the AV referendum or Brexit Likewise Johnson followed it loosely under May i.e. criticising her plan to the Daily Mail

Question 57

What does CCR entail in regards to Cabinet meetings

Answer 57

All details of the meeting be kept secret. This diminished greatly under May as opportunists sought to undermine her government

Question 58

How many government ministers voted against whips in a vote regarding rejecting a no-deal Brexit

Answer 58

13