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Anthro 101 - Introduction to Anthropology > Primates > Flashcards

Primates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the goals of primatology

A
  1. Understand behaviour of all species
  2. Model early human behaviour
  3. Conservation of endangered primates
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2
Q

What is the primatology the study of?

A

Study of behaviour, evolution, distribution and classification of non-human primate species

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3
Q

What are the infraorder(s) of the suborder stresirhini of primates?

A
  1. Lemuniformes
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4
Q

What are the suborders of primates?

A
  1. Strepsirhini

2. Haplorini

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5
Q

What are the infraorder(s) of the suborder haplohini of primates?

A
  1. Tarsiformes
  2. Platyrrhini (new world anthropods)
  3. Cartarrhini (old world anthropods)
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6
Q

The superfamily Lemuroidea belong to which infraorder and suborder of primates?

A

Infraorder: Lemuniformes
Suborder: strepsirhini

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7
Q

What supetfamilies are part of the infraorder Cartarrhini?

A
  1. Cercopthecoldea (old world monkeys)

2. Hominoidea (apes and humans)

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8
Q

The superfamily ceboidea belongs to which infraorder and suborder?

A

Infraorder: platyrrhini
Suborder: haplorhini

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9
Q

The infraorder Lemuniformes has which subfamilies?

A
  1. Lemuroidea (lemurs)

2. Lorisoidea (lorises)

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10
Q

What are the hallmarks or characteristics or traits of primates?

A
  1. Mammals
  2. Tree-dwelling (arboreal adaptation)
  3. Omnivorous
  4. Large complex brain relative to body size
  5. Vision replaces smell as primary sense
  6. Social
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11
Q

What adaptations have primates made to be tree dwelling?

A
  1. Rotating forelimbs
  2. Retention of clavicle
  3. Prehensile (grasping)
  4. Pentadactyly( 5 toes and fingers)
  5. Opposable thumb, nails, dermal ridges on grasping surfaces
  6. Plantigrade locomotion (palms)
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12
Q

What social behaviours do primates exhibit?

A
  1. Long infant dependency
  2. Learning period
  3. Play, imitation, grooming
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13
Q

What changes have evolved so that primate vision is its primary sense over smell?

A
  1. Smaller snout
  2. Loss of moist rhinarium
  3. Stereoscopic vision
  4. Most have color vision
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14
Q

Form an opinion for or against GAP ( great ape project)

A

Need to complete yourself with points to support an argument for or against in case you need to write a short essay on your exam

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15
Q

What are the differences between old world and new world primates?

A

New world (platyrrhine)

  • flat nose
  • Nostrils further apart and outward

Old world (cattarhine)

  • hook nose
  • nostrils closer together and point downward
  • big sharp canine teeth with a gap between canines and incisors
  • are larger in size
  • more terrestrial
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16
Q

What is the goal of GAP

A

The great ape project (GAP) is an international movement started in 1994. Its main purpose is to guarantee the basic rights to life, freedom and non- torture of the non- human great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangatuns and bonobos)

17
Q

Questions from slides - you need to find answer - What are the four major trends that differentiate hominids from hominids (describe in detail)

A

will probably be an essay or short answer

  1. Habitual bipedalism
    Physical changes required for bipedalism - rotates foreman magnum, S lumbar curve and arch in foot, bowl- shaped pelvis and locking knee (knock kneed) and longer legs and a great toe in line
  2. Dentition/ jaw changes
    Facial projection decreases overall with reduce canine size and diastema. There is absence of canine honing complex and parabolic dental arcade.
  3. Expanding, complex brain
    The hominin brain capacity has increased through time but about 2mya the absolute and relative size of the brain increases - reasons? You will need to look this up notes just have reasons? With question mark after it
  4. Tools and increasing cultural complexity
    Earliest undisputed stone tools appear ca. 2.6 mya in Ethiopia. There were Oldowan stone tools and evidence for culture (teachers notes say advantages and who used them? But you have no notes to explain this)
18
Q

Question from slide - What are the major genus groups of the early hominids

A

Notes just list superfamily

Lemuroidea (lemurs)
Lorisoidea (lorises)
Ceboidea (new world monkeys)
Cercopithecoidea (old world monkeys)
Hominoidea (apes and humans)

If she wants genus you will need to look this up

19
Q

Question from slide - what are differences between robust and gracile species of authralopithecus

A

Later Australopithecus existed 3-1.5 mya they were divided into robust and gracile species based mostly on chewing
Robust line goes extinct

Should get more detail from your textbook I am guessing you missed this class as you have no notes that expand in teachers notes

20
Q

Question from slides - Be able to identify what distinguishes genus homo from early hominins

A

Will need to find in notes

Earliest bipedal hominins were Australopiths e,g. Ardipithecus, Paranthropus and Australopithecus (7-1.5 mya)they had small cranial capacity, smaller canines and later around 3mya has slightly curved fingers and toes.

Early homo species appeared during 2.5-2mya and lived in Africa between 2.4 - 1.5 mya. Likely evolved from gracile australopiths and lived alongside robust australopiths - they had larger brains started by around 400-500 cm3

21
Q

Highlighted question from slides - identify the tools and cultural behaviours associated with each homo species

What tools and cultural behaviours are associated with lower palaeolithic

A

At 2.6 - 1.5 mya there was the Oldowan stone took tradition

  • associated with H. habilis
  • percussion flaking, core and flaking technology
  • choppers and scrapers

At 1.8 mya - 200,000 ya Acheulian stone tool

  • associated with H. erectus
  • soft hammer percussion
  • bifacial handaxes , cleavers and scrapers
  • culture - big game hunting and control of fire by 1.4 mya - they had campsites and Home based and cultural differences in Asia
22
Q

Highlighted question from slides - identify the tools and cultural behaviours associated with each homo species

What tools and cultures are associated with Homo erectus

A
  1. 8 mya - 400,000 ya
    - may have been the first to leave Africa
    - little change for over 1 million years
    - cranial capacity 1000 cm3
    - pentagonal skull and smaller teeth
    - endurance runners
    - likely ancestor to sapiens through archaic Homo sapiens
    - soft hammer percussion
    - bifacial handaxes, cleavers and scrapers
23
Q

Highlighted question from slides - identify the tools and cultural behaviours associated with each homo species

What tools and cultures are associated with Homo neandertalensis

A

230,000 - 27,000 ya

  • were short and more robust with elongated skull and occipital bun (ave 1500cm3). There was some interbreeding between sapiens and Neanderthals outside of Africa.
  • the mousterian stone tool culture was associated with H. neandertalnsus also used Levalloisian method of tools with tortoise shaped cores and produces standard size flakes
  • the mousterian culture were of skilled hunters that killed bison, horses and deer. They used caves and rock shelters as homesites (cave man). There was evidence for ritual behaviours from burial sites
24
Q

Highlighted question from slides - identify the tools and cultural behaviours associated with each homo species

What tools and cultures are associated with Homo sapiens

A

200,000 ya - now
- anatomically modern humans that have moved across the globe - cranial capacity around 1350cm3
During upper palaeolithic cultures (40,000 - 12.000 BP)
- blades are flakes that are at least 2:1 (length:width) with parallel sides
- pressure flaking
- had trade and diverse art (including cave art)

25
Q

Highlighted questions from slides

What are the two models for what happened to the other hominins after modern humans appear

A
  1. Replacement/Single origin theory - in this theory Homo sapiens evolve in Africa. They leave Africa around 100,000 BP (before present) and replace others. Human variation is only recent in this theory.
  2. Multiregional theory/Regional continuity - in this theory each population around the world evolves in place from existing Homo erectus groups who left Africa around 1 mya. Thus requires gene flow and human variation would be ancient.

See textbook pages 138-139

26
Q

Highlighted questions from slides

Know the two models of how the New Works was Peoples including dates

A

Notes only has following

  • where did the Paleo-Indians come from?
    • Siberian origins (blood, incisors, culture)
    • Comparative linguistics (3 migrations)
    • Clovis 1st (12,000) vs pre-Clovis (33,000 BP)

So you need to look up the two models and dates

27
Q

Highlighted question from slides -

What is the importance of late Miocene?

A

23-5mya was the Age of the Apes

11-5 mya there is a sparse hominoid fossil record

In later Miocene there is a hominin/hominid line (Homo and Australopiths only) splits from hominoid line (between 10-5 mya)

28
Q

Highlighted question from slides - for each epoch be aware of major events (do not need to know dates)

A

Palaeocene - extinctions and mammalian adaptation be radiation leads to evolution of diverse new species from a single ancestral species that occupy open habitats. Time of arboreal adaptation vs visual predation theory of primate emergence

Eocene - first definite primates appear - appearance of anthropoids (ancestors to apes, monkeys and humans)

Oligocene - emergence of hominoids (Fayun Depression fossils)

Miocene - Age of the Apes and time of split of hominin/ hominid line

29
Q

Highlighted question from slides

Explain in depth the skin color adaptation

A

Nothing in notes you need to look this up

30
Q

Highlighted question from notes

Describe how different groups have adapted to different climates?

A

Not in notes you gave me - you will need to find answer

31
Q

Highlighted question from notes - what is the main difference between adaptation and acclimatization

A

Nothing in notes you need to find answer

32
Q

Highlighted question from notes - explain how physical adaptations may have cultural agents (provide examples)

A

Says from discussion in class there is nothing in your notes you will have to find answers - suggest watch Becoming Human video part 1 as well for exam

Anthro 101 - Introduction to Anthropology (7 decks)

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