Final Exam prior to midterms

Question 1

What are the goals of primatology

Answer 1

1. Understand behaviour of all species
2. Model early human behaviour
3. Conservation of endangered primates

Question 2

What is the primatology the study of?

Answer 2

Study of behaviour, evolution, distribution and classification of non-human primate species

Question 3

What are the infraorder(s) of the suborder stresirhini of primates?

Answer 3

1. Lemuniformes

Question 4

What are the suborders of primates?

Answer 4

1. Strepsirhini

2. Haplorini

Question 5

What are the infraorder(s) of the suborder haplohini of primates?

Answer 5

1. Tarsiformes
2. Platyrrhini (new world anthropods)
3. Cartarrhini (old world anthropods)

Question 6

The superfamily Lemuroidea belong to which infraorder and suborder of primates?

Answer 6

Infraorder: Lemuniformes
Suborder: strepsirhini

Question 7

What supetfamilies are part of the infraorder Cartarrhini?

Answer 7

1. Cercopthecoldea (old world monkeys)

2. Hominoidea (apes and humans)

Question 8

The superfamily ceboidea belongs to which infraorder and suborder?

Answer 8

Infraorder: platyrrhini
Suborder: haplorhini

Question 9

The infraorder Lemuniformes has which subfamilies?

Answer 9

1. Lemuroidea (lemurs)

2. Lorisoidea (lorises)

Question 10

What are the hallmarks or characteristics or traits of primates?

Answer 10

1. Mammals
2. Tree-dwelling (arboreal adaptation)
3. Omnivorous
4. Large complex brain relative to body size
5. Vision replaces smell as primary sense
6. Social

Question 11

What adaptations have primates made to be tree dwelling?

Answer 11

1. Rotating forelimbs
2. Retention of clavicle
3. Prehensile (grasping)
4. Pentadactyly( 5 toes and fingers)
5. Opposable thumb, nails, dermal ridges on grasping surfaces
6. Plantigrade locomotion (palms)

Question 12

What social behaviours do primates exhibit?

Answer 12

1. Long infant dependency
2. Learning period
3. Play, imitation, grooming

Question 13

What changes have evolved so that primate vision is its primary sense over smell?

Answer 13

1. Smaller snout
2. Loss of moist rhinarium
3. Stereoscopic vision
4. Most have color vision

Question 14

Form an opinion for or against GAP ( great ape project)

Answer 14

Need to complete yourself with points to support an argument for or against in case you need to write a short essay on your exam

Question 15

What are the differences between old world and new world primates?

Answer 15

New world (platyrrhine)

• flat nose
• Nostrils further apart and outward

Old world (cattarhine)

• hook nose
• nostrils closer together and point downward
• big sharp canine teeth with a gap between canines and incisors
• are larger in size
• more terrestrial

Question 16

What is the goal of GAP

Answer 16

The great ape project (GAP) is an international movement started in 1994. Its main purpose is to guarantee the basic rights to life, freedom and non- torture of the non- human great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangatuns and bonobos)

Question 17

Questions from slides - you need to find answer - What are the four major trends that differentiate hominids from hominids (describe in detail)

Answer 17

1. Habitual bipedalism
   Physical changes required for bipedalism - rotates foreman magnum, S lumbar curve and arch in foot, bowl- shaped pelvis and locking knee (knock kneed) and longer legs and a great toe in line
2. Dentition/ jaw changes
   Facial projection decreases overall with reduce canine size and diastema. There is absence of canine honing complex and parabolic dental arcade.
3. Expanding, complex brain
   The hominin brain capacity has increased through time but about 2mya the absolute and relative size of the brain increases - reasons? You will need to look this up notes just have reasons? With question mark after it
4. Tools and increasing cultural complexity
   Earliest undisputed stone tools appear ca. 2.6 mya in Ethiopia. There were Oldowan stone tools and evidence for culture (teachers notes say advantages and who used them? But you have no notes to explain this)

Question 18

Question from slide - What are the major genus groups of the early hominids

Answer 18

Notes just list superfamily

Lemuroidea (lemurs)
Lorisoidea (lorises)
Ceboidea (new world monkeys)
Cercopithecoidea (old world monkeys)
Hominoidea (apes and humans)

If she wants genus you will need to look this up

Question 19

Question from slide - what are differences between robust and gracile species of authralopithecus

Answer 19

Later Australopithecus existed 3-1.5 mya they were divided into robust and gracile species based mostly on chewing
Robust line goes extinct

Should get more detail from your textbook I am guessing you missed this class as you have no notes that expand in teachers notes

Question 20

Question from slides - Be able to identify what distinguishes genus homo from early hominins

Answer 20

Will need to find in notes

Earliest bipedal hominins were Australopiths e,g. Ardipithecus, Paranthropus and Australopithecus (7-1.5 mya)they had small cranial capacity, smaller canines and later around 3mya has slightly curved fingers and toes.

Early homo species appeared during 2.5-2mya and lived in Africa between 2.4 - 1.5 mya. Likely evolved from gracile australopiths and lived alongside robust australopiths - they had larger brains started by around 400-500 cm3

Question 21

Highlighted question from slides - identify the tools and cultural behaviours associated with each homo species

What tools and cultural behaviours are associated with lower palaeolithic

Answer 21

At 2.6 - 1.5 mya there was the Oldowan stone took tradition

• associated with H. habilis
• percussion flaking, core and flaking technology
• choppers and scrapers

At 1.8 mya - 200,000 ya Acheulian stone tool

• associated with H. erectus
• soft hammer percussion
• bifacial handaxes , cleavers and scrapers
• culture - big game hunting and control of fire by 1.4 mya - they had campsites and Home based and cultural differences in Asia

Question 22

Highlighted question from slides - identify the tools and cultural behaviours associated with each homo species

What tools and cultures are associated with Homo erectus

Answer 22

1. 8 mya - 400,000 ya
   - may have been the first to leave Africa
   - little change for over 1 million years
   - cranial capacity 1000 cm3
   - pentagonal skull and smaller teeth
   - endurance runners
   - likely ancestor to sapiens through archaic Homo sapiens
   - soft hammer percussion
   - bifacial handaxes, cleavers and scrapers

Question 23

Highlighted question from slides - identify the tools and cultural behaviours associated with each homo species

What tools and cultures are associated with Homo neandertalensis

Answer 23

230,000 - 27,000 ya

• were short and more robust with elongated skull and occipital bun (ave 1500cm3). There was some interbreeding between sapiens and Neanderthals outside of Africa.
• the mousterian stone tool culture was associated with H. neandertalnsus also used Levalloisian method of tools with tortoise shaped cores and produces standard size flakes
• the mousterian culture were of skilled hunters that killed bison, horses and deer. They used caves and rock shelters as homesites (cave man). There was evidence for ritual behaviours from burial sites

Question 24

Highlighted question from slides - identify the tools and cultural behaviours associated with each homo species

What tools and cultures are associated with Homo sapiens

Answer 24

200,000 ya - now
- anatomically modern humans that have moved across the globe - cranial capacity around 1350cm3
During upper palaeolithic cultures (40,000 - 12.000 BP)
- blades are flakes that are at least 2:1 (length:width) with parallel sides
- pressure flaking
- had trade and diverse art (including cave art)

Question 25

Highlighted questions from slides | What are the two models for what happened to the other hominins after modern humans appear

Answer 25

1. Replacement/Single origin theory - in this theory Homo sapiens evolve in Africa. They leave Africa around 100,000 BP (before present) and replace others. Human variation is only recent in this theory. 2. Multiregional theory/Regional continuity - in this theory each population around the world evolves in place from existing Homo erectus groups who left Africa around 1 mya. Thus requires gene flow and human variation would be ancient. See textbook pages 138-139

Question 26

Highlighted questions from slides | Know the two models of how the New Works was Peoples including dates

Answer 26

Notes only has following - where did the Paleo-Indians come from? - Siberian origins (blood, incisors, culture) - Comparative linguistics (3 migrations) - Clovis 1st (12,000) vs pre-Clovis (33,000 BP) So you need to look up the two models and dates

Question 27

Highlighted question from slides - What is the importance of late Miocene?

Answer 27

23-5mya was the Age of the Apes 11-5 mya there is a sparse hominoid fossil record In later Miocene there is a hominin/hominid line (Homo and Australopiths only) splits from hominoid line (between 10-5 mya)

Question 28

Highlighted question from slides - for each epoch be aware of major events (do not need to know dates)

Answer 28

Palaeocene - extinctions and mammalian adaptation be radiation leads to evolution of diverse new species from a single ancestral species that occupy open habitats. Time of arboreal adaptation vs visual predation theory of primate emergence Eocene - first definite primates appear - appearance of anthropoids (ancestors to apes, monkeys and humans) Oligocene - emergence of hominoids (Fayun Depression fossils) Miocene - Age of the Apes and time of split of hominin/ hominid line

Question 29

Highlighted question from slides - | Explain in depth the skin color adaptation

Answer 29

Nothing in notes you need to look this up

Question 30

Highlighted question from slides - Describe how different groups have adapted to different climates?

Answer 30

Not in notes you gave me - you will need to find answer

Question 31

Highlighted question from slides - what is the main difference between adaptation and acclimatization

Answer 31

Nothing in notes you need to find answer

Question 32

Highlighted question from notes - explain how physical adaptations may have cultural agents (provide examples)

Answer 32

Says from discussion in class there is nothing in your notes you will have to find answers - suggest watch Becoming Human video part 1 as well for exam

Question 33

Highlighted questions from slides - What are the three foundation ideas of evolutionary theory

Answer 33

1. transformational evolution (change) 2. uniformitarianism (time) 3. competition (pressure)

Question 34

Highlighted questions from slides - What are the three principles of natural selection

Answer 34

Natural selection is a two step process of how descent with modification takes place 1. variation in all individuals in a species (e.g. recombination, mutation) 2. heritability of traits 3. differential reproductive success = adaptive individuals often win competitions for resources; they survive and/or reproduce more, with their offspring likely to inherit favourable traits No notes on this topic

Question 35

Highlighted questions from slides - is natural selection working towards a perfect organism?

Answer 35

No there is no perfect organism • traits that give an advantage in survival and reproduction should increase over time • adaptive, neutral and maladaptive traits in a given environment • directional, normalizing, balancing selection • HMS video clip (on BBL) • the role of sexual selection

Question 36

Highlighted questions from slides - explain the concept of Mendelian genetics

Answer 36

- homozygous, heterozygous - dominant alleles are expressed if present - recessive alleles are carried but not expressed unless in homozygous form - genotype is the total genetic information of an organism, including recessive alleles - phenotype is the portion of genetic information that is expressed and observed - principle of segregation means an individual gets one gene for each trait from each parent - principle of independent assortment means that alleles separate randomly into gametes and are not necessarily linked to other alleles

Question 37

Highlighted question from slides - What are the patterns in genetic variation?

Answer 37

- clinal (continuous) variation is when a trait gradually changes (+/-) over a geographic area - discontinuous variation is when traits appear in ‘patches’ with little/no gradation between areas

Question 38

Highlighted questions from slides - why is generics not simply a matter of gene=trait?

Answer 38

- polygeny = many genes are responsible for one trait - pleiotropy =one gene affects more than one trait - norm of reaction = table or graph that displays the possible phenotypic outcomes for a genotype in different environments - ‘environment’ + genes + age + “noise”

Question 39

When is the Mesolithic time period?

Answer 39

14000 - 10000 BP Middle Stone Age See Natuflans (13000 - 9800 BC in text)Characterized by 1. Broad spectrum foraging (people gathering everything and staying in one place longer)2. Sedentarism = permanent habitation increases 3. New tool types - composite microlithic tools 2 big questions from this era - why and how did people start to domesticate plants and animals Why did we stop being hunted gathers and move into larger groups

Question 40

Highlighted question from slides -What is the Neolithic period?

Answer 40

Is the New Stone Age and the era when food production begins (domestication if plants and animals) - also results in more dependence on people - modification of the environment/niches - location of early domesticates (see textbook)

Question 41

Highlighted question from slides - What is domestication?

Answer 41

Human modification of a species to make them more useful and productive

Question 42

Highlighted question from slides - Explain the model of how plants are domesticated

Answer 42

1. Wild plant is procured 2. Wild plant is produced from procured plants3. Wild plant is cultivated 4. Ultimately leading to agriculture use (see textbook as well)

Question 43

Highlighted question from slides - What are the different ways that scientist can identify if domestication has occurred in plants

Answer 43

1. Rachis is stronger 2. Seeds/fruits are larger and more plentiful 3. Weaker husk 4. Seeds all mature at same time 5. Art and written record

Question 44

Highlighted question from slides - Describe the model for animal domestication

Answer 44

1. Random hunting moves to 2. Controlled hunting 3. Which is followed by herd following4. Then loose herding5. Which changes to close herding 6. And ultimately industrial farming READ model in textbook

Question 45

Highlighted questions from slides - How can scientist tell if an animal has been domesticated

Answer 45

1. Outside its natural range 2. Morphological changes ( less or lose of horns, less robust, chance in hair) 3. Increase in relative numbers of a species 4. Gender ratio imbalance 5 evidence of disease like tuberculosis 6 art and written records

Question 46

Highlighted question from slides - What impacts did the Neolithic have?

Answer 46

Start ofdomestication which lead to:1. Increased sedentarism 2. Population growth 3. Environmental degradation 4. Increased trade5. Increased complexity6. Decline in health - disease, war, work arthritis, famine and malnutrition

Question 47

Highlighted questions from slides - What is archaeology?

Answer 47

Archaeology is the study of past human behaviours through material remains First archaeological evidence dates back to 2.6mya when first stone tools where found - starts when humans begin to modify their world (i.e. make stone tools) - remains more complex and rich after 40000BP (upper palaeolithic)

Question 48

What is an archaeological record?

Answer 48

All material evidence from human activity that has been discovered through archaeology

Question 49

What is an archaeological site?

Answer 49

Location of remains of past human activity

Question 50

Highlighted questions from slides - What are the different types of archaeological evidence?

Answer 50

1. Artifacts - objects that have been modified by humans or is a by product of human activities (e.g. lithics (rocks), ceramics, wood, bone, metal and glass) 2. Features - large and/or immobile artifacts 3. Ecofacts - natural materials that give evidence for environmental context (e.g. palynology (pollen study) coprolites (fossilized feces), insects, zooarchaeology (animal bones in an archaeology site) Most common artifacts are rocks - stone tools, stone weapon tips etc.

Question 51

Highlighted questions from slides - In archaeological terms what is context? Why is it important?

Answer 51

Information surrounding materials in their original location (undisturbed or in situ) and their relationship to other materials Important to understand context, want to understand exactly where everything is in relation to everything else (how the item is used, same pot different location but how it was used, food gathering, ceremony etc)

Question 52

In terms of archaeology what is provenience?

Answer 52

The exact 3-D location of materials at a site

Question 53

Highlighted questions from slides - What is taphonony?

Answer 53

Study of processes that affect sites (creation, preservation, and disturbance) or the study of life at a site - nature of the material (stone versus bark versus hide) - unusual environments (dry, peat tannis, cold) - sites are vulnerable to human disturbance STATES: be able to give example from class and text if unusual preservation)

Question 54

What is prehistoric or pre-contact?

Answer 54

Prehistoric are the earliest artifacts until the appearance of written records 5000 years ago Precontact - is prior to Europeans settling in areas such as the Americas, India etc

Question 55

What does historic archaeology allow?

Answer 55

Historic archaeology started with written records - so this allows comparison of documents such as battles, first nation territories, location of historic sites etc

Question 56

Highlighted questions from slides - What are the six steps in archaeology in order?

Answer 56

1. Overview 2. Survey 3. Excavation 4. Analysis 5. Reporting 6. Reconstruction

Question 57

Highlighted questions from slides -Describe what happens in the overview phase of archaeology?

Answer 57

Pre- field studies such as GIS studies, examining previous studies, myths and informants and determining the archaeological potential

Question 58

Highlighted questions from slides - Describe what happens during the survey stage of archaeology in progress?

Answer 58

Finding snd recording sites - so doing surveys with non-invasive techniques such as aerial imagery ( satellite or air photos) sediment surveys (GPR, magnetic spectrometry)

Question 59

Highlighted questions from slides - describe what happens during the excavation stage of archaeology in progress?

Answer 59

Systematic exposure, recovery and recording of archaeological remains - As excavation destroys the site there is one chance only so planning etc is important - note taking, measurements, photos, sketches, dating of samples - Important to which strategy to be used testing or excavation - Ensure permission from correct authorities and landforms (e.g. Historical resources act of 1980) - All measurements are from the nail used to divide the dig plots

Question 60

Highlighted questions from slides scribe - Describe what happens during the analysis stage of archaeology in progress?

Answer 60

Lab work - conservation, cleaning and cataloguing, identify and typology, metric analysis, analysis of materials collected (sediment, artifacts etc)

Question 61

Highlighted questions from slides - Describe what happens during the reporting stage of archaeology in progress?

Answer 61

Description and reporting - time, extent and relationship to other sites - predictive models for future studies- submission of all project materials with catalogues etc to authorities - In Alberta use Archaeological Site Form

Question 62

Highlighted questions from slides - Describe what happens during the reconstruction stage of archaeology in progress?

Answer 62

- Reconstruction and education - public education and preservation - reconstruction only occurs with the most important sites such as Fort Edmonton and L’anse aux meadows

Question 63

Highlighted questions from slides - What is CRM?

Answer 63

Cultural resource management - management of cultural heritage including landscapes, archaeological sites and records, artifacts and intangible heritage - examples -Aswan low dam (constructed in 1902), Rossdale, Molson brewery, UNESCO temple complex at Philae on Nile moved 0.5 km STATES: and why do we do it ... not stated in your notes you will have to find

Question 64

Highlighted questions from slides - What are some examples/types/ specialization of archaeology?

Answer 64

- biblical- classical- maritime- human osteoarchaelogy ( study of human bones) - palaeopathology (study of ancient diseases of humans)

Question 65

Highlighted questions from slides - What is the problem with the concept of race?

Answer 65

1. Number of races varies dependent on criteria used to define race 2. Arbitrator boundaries use to determine variables to define race (there is 94% variation within the human race) 3. Misuse of the concept of species - races are not scientifically speaking species as all humans regardless of race, can interbreed and produce viable offspring 4. Racism - stems from the concept of race 5. Racism leads to stereotyping, discrimination and abuse

Question 66

What 3 things does racism link together?

Answer 66

1. Outward appearance2. Intelligence of the race (measured in theory by IQ)3. Success - the ability of a race to achieve civilization and other important goals

Question 67

Highlighted question from slides - What is the definition of race?

Answer 67

Race is traditionally presented as subspecies or groups within the human species Usually based on outward observable phenotypic traits Attempts to define different races have been through essentialism, Craniometry and anthropometry

Question 68

What is essentialism?

Answer 68

Generalization that all members of a group possess universal properties

Question 69

What is Craniometry?

Answer 69

Is the measurement of the cranium )the main part of the skull) it is a subset of a cephalonetry (measurement of the head) which is a subset of anthropometry (measurement of the human body) -19th century and first part of the 20th century anthropology focused heavily on Craniometry to divide humanity into races

Question 70

What is anthropometry?

Answer 70

The study of the measurement of the human individual. in particular the measurement of different body parts

Question 71

What is the relationship between racism and social stratification?

Answer 71

1. Racism is strongest in a stratified society where groups have unequal access to wealth, power and prestige2. Reinforced by religion, economics and politics 3. Freedom for some at the expense of others

Question 72

Highlighted questions from slides - What are some of the impacts of racism?

Answer 72

1. Ethnocide 2. Genocide 3. Economic and political discrimination 4. Colonization 5. Violence 6. Human rights abuse 7. Interpersonal violence 8. Discrimination by the courts and police

Question 73

Highlighted questions from slides - What elements make up racism?

Answer 73

1. Differences in appearance 2. Differences in success3. Differences in intellect

Question 74

Highlighted questions from slides - Why is ethnicity a better word than race?

Answer 74

When people talk about race usually it involves a cultural not just a biological aspect Ethnicity is more flexible as it means a common heritage or ancestry which can encompass: language, religion, economics, history and territory, physical attributes, and a feeling of belonging and distinctiveness

Question 75

Highlighted questions from slides - Why are we saying that race is biocultural?

Answer 75

It has a biological component - results from natural selection and physical adaptation to a specific geographic environment It has a cultural component - it impacts our life through social creation and reinforcement of differences for economic, political and religious reasons

Question 76

What are anti-miscegenation laws?

Answer 76

Laws put in place to stop mix race births

Question 77

What is the definition of prejudice?

Answer 77

An opinion for or against something without adequate basis

Question 78

What impacts dating methods in palaeoantropology and archaeology?

Answer 78

- materials available on site - projected age of site (should know if excavating) - goals of excavation

Question 79

What is the difference between relative and chronometric dating?

Answer 79

Relative dating techniques result in a date in relation to another (no exact dates) Chronometric or absolute dating results in calendrical dates in years ‘before present’ (B.P.) +/- error - non-radiometric dating methods - radiometric dates are based on measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes (half-life)

Question 80

Explain the following dating methods? - stratigraphy - typology and seriation - radiocarbon - potassium argon - dendrochronology

Answer 80

In your text not in notes but stated can be tested on an exam so look up

Question 81

What is anthropology?

Answer 81

The study of humankind - is a science that collects data about humanity from fieldwork, participant observation, cross-cultural comparison, and experimentation - views humans as biocultural organisms - takes an evolutionary approach - holistic and multidisciplinary approach

Question 82

What are the sub-disciplines of anthropology?

Answer 82

1. Cultural 2. Anthropology 3. Physical Anthropology 4. Archaeology 5. Linguistic Anthropology 6. Applied Anthropology

Question 83

Explain the concept of culture

Answer 83

- the learned customary ways of thinking and behaving of a population or society - the total way of life of a society - ‘extra-somatic means of adaptation’ - “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society” (E.B. Tylor 1871)

Question 84

Describe the defining traits of cultures?

Answer 84

- learned*, primarily through language and family - mostly adaptive - integrated (change in one area will often change other parts of the culture) - constantly changing - somewhat tacit (not formally taught, sometimes “hidden” – iceberg metaphor)

Question 85

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 85

Is judging other cultures negatively and solely in terms of one’s own culture - the belief that one’s own way of doing things is the only correct way - normal response of cultures - hinders understanding and new experiences; creates prejudice & hatred Important Reading: Nacirema

Question 86

What is cultural relativism?

Answer 86

is the attitude that cultures differ and must be viewed objectively in their own context - step back from what you think you “know” and look through another’s eyes - promotes understanding - “absolute cultural relativism” – anything goes?

Question 87

What is an ethnography?

Answer 87

Description of culture using non-ethnocentirc language an input from people studied

Question 88

What is ethnology?

Answer 88

Comparison of two or more cultures

Question 89

What are the different ways to study ethnography?

Answer 89

1) Participant observation & fieldwork - use of participant observation = the researcher takes part in daily activities during fieldwork - fieldwork = extended period when researchers go into the “field” (they leave their culture) - culture shock = negative feelings or interactions resulting from ignorance of (or breaking) cultural “rules of interaction” - often worsened if they do not have a working understanding of the language 2) ‘Informants’ - ‘informants’ and the “insider” point of view - emic and etic points of view - informants are individuals who share their cultural point of view and knowledge - they are often people who can ‘step back’ from their culture in order to interpret it - what problems might arise? (examples from video)

Question 90

What are the causes of human variation?

Answer 90

- the four evolutionary processes - the environment (e.g. tanning) - individual development (e.g. starvation) - cultural and ethnic practices

Question 91

What is the difference between micro and macroevolution?

Answer 91

- Microevolution occurs over relatively few generations | - Macroevolution is long-term evolutionary change, like speciation and adaptive radiations

Question 92

What are the four evolutionary processes?

Answer 92

1. Natural selection 2. Mutation* = alteration of DNA that results in new alleles (e.g. heat, UV) 3. Gene flow = movement of genes from one population to another (mating, migration)‏ 4. Genetic drift = random changes in genetic makeup in a population (due to chance, accidents, “sampling error”); “bottleneck” and “founder” effect

Question 93

Explain the difference between adaptation and acclimatization

Answer 93

Adaptation = genetic changes that increase favourable genes in a population long term - developmental adaptations happen within the lifetime of the individual, during growth and development (e.g. “hunter’s response” and high metabolism) Acclimatization = short-term physiological changes to adjust to changes in environment (e.g. shivering, tanning)

Question 94

What are some examples of human adaptation examples?

Answer 94

1. sickle-cell anemia 2. body size and shape (clinal variation) 3. skin color (clinal) 4. lactase deficiency (lactose intolerance) 5. immunity to infectious diseases

Question 95

What is an example of human acclimatization

Answer 95

hypoxia (altitude stress) - reduction in the amount of oxygen in air - increase in red blood cells to carry oxygen - developmental acclimatization: larger chest capacity and lungs if it occurs during childhood development