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VERTEBRATES > PRIMATES > Flashcards

PRIMATES Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main diet of primates?

A
  • Most are omnivores
  • Some are specialised e.g. leaf eaters
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2
Q

How are leaf eating primates adapted for their diet?

A
  • Specialised stomach in order to digest cellulose
  • Use of bacteria and enzymes within the stomach to aid digestion
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3
Q

What are the main body characteristics of primates?

A
  • Retention of clavicle: allows limb movement in all directions
  • Elbow joint - rotation of the forearm
  • 5 digits on fore and hind-limbs
  • Reduced snout and reduced olfactory system
  • Reduced number of teeth
  • Nails
  • Fleshy sensitive pads at the tip of the fingers
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4
Q

Features of primate skull and brain

A
  • Posterior skull (most of the skull is posterior to the orbits)
  • Enlarged brain case
  • Enlarged cerebral cortex compared to other mammals
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5
Q

Primate eyes

A
  • Forward facing eyes
  • Binocular vision
  • Depth perception
  • Can detect fruits against a background
  • Bigger orbits in primates than in other mammals
  • Thought the good vision is associated with fruit eating
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6
Q

What benefits comes with having opposable thumbs?

A
  • Increases dexterity
  • Allows manipulation of objects
  • Moving around trees

Thought that primates evolved from an ancestor that had opposable thumbs for tree climbing

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7
Q

What group are the basal primates in?

Groups of primates

A

Prosimians (before apes)

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8
Q

Examples of Prosimians?

Groups of primates

A

Lemurs, bush babies, pottos, tarsiers etc

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9
Q

Features of the Prosimians ?

A
  • Small
  • Nocturnal
  • Small brains
  • Relatively long snout (lemurs)
  • Paraphyletic - dry nosed
  • Basal primates - branched off early
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10
Q

What group are monkeys and apes in?

A

Anthropoids

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11
Q

Examples of Anthropoids
?

A
  • New world monkeys
  • Old world monkeys - baboons etc
  • Lesser apes - gibbons
  • Great apes - chimpanzees, gorillas etc
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12
Q

Features of Anthrpoids?

A
  • Mostly larger than prosimians
  • Larger brain
  • Relatively small olfactory lobes
  • Mainly frugivorous or folivorous
  • Mostly dinurnal
  • Complex social structures
  • Different types of locomotion
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13
Q

What is the alternative classification of Prosimians and Anthropoids?

A
  • Strepsirrhini (basal)
  • Haplorrhini
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14
Q

Features of Strepsirrhini?

A
  • Small, long snout (rostrum), nocturnal
  • 2 halves of lower jaw unfused. Frontal bones unfused
  • Lack of orbital septum (hole behind orbit)
  • Postorbital bar
  • No plate seperating orbits from temportal fossa
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15
Q

Example of strepsirrhini?

A

Lemur, Loris, pottos, Galagos

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16
Q

Haplorrhini examples

A
  • Tarsiers
  • Old world monkeys
  • New world monkeys
  • Apes
17
Q

What is the main difference between the 2 ways of classifying primates?

A
  • Prosimians - Anthropoids includes tarsiers along with lemurs etc
  • Strepsirhini - Haplorrhini includes tarsiers with NWM, OWM and the Apes.
18
Q

Haplorrhini skull features

A
  • Relatively short rostrum
  • Plate that seperates orbits from temporal fossa
19
Q

New world monkeys: Features

Haplorrhini

A
  • Platyrrhini (broad-nose)
  • 3 premolars (more primitive state)
  • Relatively good sense of smell
  • Can have prehensile tail
20
Q

Life history traits of new world monkeys?

Haplorrhini

A
  • Colonised South america from africa - 30mya
  • Only arboreal forms - No terrestrial radiation e.g. like baboons
21
Q

Characteristics of Old world monkeys

Haplorrhini

A
  • Catarrhini (narrow-nosed)
  • Nostrils forward and down
  • Smaller bone
  • Never have a prehensile tail (tails often disappeared)
  • 2 premolars
  • Trichromatic colour vision - strongly associated with diet
  • Poor sense of small - only 50% of olfactory genes are functional
22
Q

Life history traits of old world monkey examples

Haplorrhini

A
  • Found in Asia and Africa
  • OWM are more species rich and specialised
  • Colobines - colobus monkeys - leaf eaters - stub thumbed
  • Cercopithecines - vervet monkey - short tails, terrestrial - cheek pouches to carry food - longer thumbs but shorter fingers
23
Q

What are the two groups within old world monkeys?

A
  • Colobines
  • Cercopithecines
24
Q

Characteristics of Apes?

Haplorrhini

A
  • Broader chest
  • Scapula position is different - dorsal
  • Greater curvature of ribs
  • Caudal vertebrae reduced
  • Front skull – Characterised by sinuses
  • 5 cusps on molars
  • Vertebral column altered for locomotion
  • Bipedal pose - centre of gravity near vertebral column
25
Q

The social systems of primates: Female transfer

A
  • Group size: small
  • Number of males in group: one or many
  • Male behaviour: Territorial (sometimes kinship groups)
  • Examples: Chimp, Gorilla, Baboons & Colobus.
26
Q

Primate Social Systems: Male Transfer

A
  • Groups size: Large
  • Number if males in group: One or several
  • Male behaviour: Male hierarchy
  • Examples: Most Ceropithecines (sub order of OWM).
27
Q

Primate social systems: Monogamous

A
  • Groups size: One family
  • Number if males in group: One
  • Male behaviour: Both sexes participate in defence and parental care
  • Examples: Gibbons and tamarins
28
Q

Primate social systems: Solitary

A
  • Groups size: Single (or with offspring)
  • Number if males in group: None
  • Male behaviour: Range overlaps with range of >1 female
  • Examples: Bushbabies and Orangutans

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