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VERTEBRATES > Osteichyes (Bony fish) > Flashcards

Osteichyes (Bony fish) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major groups within Osteichyes?

A
  1. Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fish)
  2. Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fish)

Radiated into these two groups during the devonian period

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2
Q

How do the fins of actinopterygii and sarcopterygii differ?

A
  • Actinopterygii have fin rays of dermal origin (comes from skin)
  • Sarcopterygii have a more substantail fin
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3
Q

What are the actinopterygii?

A

Ray-finned fish

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4
Q

What are the Sarcopterygii?

A

Lobe-finned fish

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5
Q

Which group of osterichyes gave rise to the tetrapods?

A

Sarcopterygii

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6
Q

What percantage of fish are osteichyes?

A

Over 95%

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7
Q

What is the main feature of osteichyes?

A

Endochondral bone - Cartilage replaced by bone

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8
Q

Non-teleost actinopterygians: What are their main features?

A
  • Secondarily lack endochondral bone (cartilagenous skeleton)
  • Loss of scales
  • Upper jaw isn’t fused to cranium
  • Gas bladder
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9
Q

Examples of Non-teleost actinopterygians: Sturgeon

A
  • 1-6+ m
  • Benthic, MW (breed in FW), FW
  • Scutes (no scales)
  • Protrusible jaw => suction feeding
  • Long lived/late maturing
  • Heterocercal tail (asymmetrical)
  • Harvested for their eggs (caviar)
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10
Q

Examples of Non-teleost actinopterygians: Paddlefish

A
  • Paddle at front of head
  • Paddle detects electrical impulses (similar to ampullary organs of sharks)
  • 2 species (one is a filter feeder in america, the other is extinct - from china)
  • Under threat - spawning grounds blocked - eggs collected for caviar
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11
Q

Teleost Actinopterygians: Main features

A
  • Additional duplication event in hox genes (7)
  • Rapid diversification in early history
  • Jaw mobility allows adaptations
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12
Q

How is the Teleost jaw specialised?

A
  • Mandible
  • Premaxilla & Maxilla not attached to cranium
  • Flexible
  • Sucks prey towards mouth - increased the volume of buccal cavity
  • Can protrude jaw by over 20%
  • Jaw protrusion has increased during the evolution of the teleosts
  • see image 3 for structure of jaw
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13
Q

What formed the pharyngeal jaws?

A
  • Modified branchial arches
  • (Modified gill arches)
  • Modified for food processing
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14
Q

How have pharyngeal jaws enabled the diversification of feeding habits?

A
  • Freed up oral jaws from food manipulation
  • Pharyngeal jaws process food by ripping / tearing / chewing etc
  • Oral jaws can be modified for different feeding modes
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15
Q

How are the jaws of the Moray eel so modified?

A
  • Extreme case of pharyngeal jaws (secondary jaw)
  • Raptorial pharyngeal jaws
  • jaws can be shot out to grasp prey and pull back into mouth.
  • Is an adaptation to living in crevices where suction feeding is restricted.
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16
Q

Some examples of diverse skull shapes in osteichyes

A
  • Cichlidae (cichlids)
  • Labridae (wrasses)

diversified due to developpment of pharyngeal jaws - allowing diversity of feeding habits.

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17
Q

What kind of tail do osteichyes have?

A

Homocercal tail (caudal fin)

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18
Q

What is the structure of the homocercal tail and what is it used for?

A
  • symmetrical
  • Used for steering (not for lift)
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19
Q

Main features of osteichyes body

A
  • Small scales
  • Operculum covers gills
  • Anal fin
  • Pelvic fin
  • Fin ray
  • Gill slits
  • Swim bladder
  • Nostril
  • Fusiform shape
20
Q

How do the majority of bony fish power movement?

A
  • Most fish power movement with muscles in posterior trunk
  • Few rely on fins alone
21
Q

What are some examples of fin modifications in bony fish?

A
  • Flying fish - enlarged pectoral fins
  • Guppy - sexual dimorphism - male have modified anal fin (gonopodium) used for fertilisaiton
  • Leafy sea dragon small fins - lots of extra protrusions that aren’t fins
22
Q

What kind of reproduction do most telesost exhibit?

A

Oviparous (egg laying)

23
Q

What do the neuromast organs on bony fish detect and where are they located?

A
  • Located on the lateral line
  • Used for detection of signals from the water (water displacement, turbulence etc)
  • Fish that form dense sholas have lateral line organs in the head. (don’t have neuromasts in lateral line - too much stimulation)
24
Q

Self recognition test in bony fish

A
  • Cleaner wrasse
  • Put a mark on the fish, place it in front of the mirror and if the fish tries to rub off the mark they show self recognition.
  • Showed photographs - also showed self recognition.
25
Q

What is a Swim bladder used for?

A

To maintain bouyancy

26
Q

How has the swim bladder evolved?

A
  • Originally functioned as a lung - basal lineages - Basal actinopterygians- lungs
  • Lung has become dorsally placed - swim bladder is dorsal
  • In some the swim bladder is still attached to gut, others have lost this attachment
27
Q

How does the swim bladder maintain bouyancy?

A
  • Reduced pressure near surface - bladder is large
  • Increased pressure with depth - need to increase volume of swim bladder by adding gas.
28
Q

How do fish alter the size of their swim bladder to maintain bouyancy?

A
  • Fish with swim bladder attached to gut gulp air and increase gas or burp out air to decrease.
  • Fish without attachment get rid of gas via blood (oxygen diffuses in or out of blood depending if they want to increase or reduce swim bladder size)
28
Q

How do fish use gills for respiration?

A
  • Countercurrent exchange
  • Out through the operculum
  • Buccopharyngeal pumping (movement of mouth for continued water flow)
  • Blood flows in opposite direction to the water - maximises gas exchange
29
Q

What is buccopharyngeal pumping?

A

Movement of mouth for continued water flow

30
Q

How do fish without buccopharyngeal pumping get water to flow over gills ?

A
  • Some fast swimming fish have mouth open at all times instead of buccopharyngeal pumping.
  • Ram ventilation
  • e.g. tuna and some pelagic fish

Some can switch between have mouth open (when moving) and Buccopharyngeal pumping when more static.

31
Q

What is Regional heterothermy?

A
  • Heating muscles
  • Countercurrent system with blood vessels - blood from muscles is warmer than blood coming from gills so when they cross heat is exchanged.
  • Seen in some bony fish and cartilaginous fish too
32
Q

Most bony fish (actinopterygians) use gills but some are air breathers, give examples of adaptations for this.

A
  • Enlarged lips for gas exchange
  • Vascularised anus for respiration
  • Anabantid fishes obligate air breathers e.g. dwarf gourami. Have a labyrinth organ in head for adaptation
33
Q

Why are eels unusual (structure)?

A
  • Lost pelvic fins
  • Loss of scales
34
Q

What is unusual about european eel migration

A
  • Schmidt - tried to find where European eel larvae were. Found them in sargasso sea.
  • Leptocephalus larva (marine water)
  • Glass eel (MW FW)
  • Elver (FW)
  • Migration - 5000 - 10000 km
  • Critically endangered - harvested, pollution etc
  • Catadromous (freshwater adult, marine to breed)
35
Q

Sarcopterygians: what are the three groups?

A
  • Lungfish
  • Coelacanths
  • Those that gave rise to the tetrapods

Lungfish are more closely related to to tetrapods than the coelacanths are

36
Q

Lungfish - when do they use their lungs?

A
  • Mainly use gills
  • Can use lungs if needed
  • African and South American dependent on lungs
37
Q

Where are lungfish found?

A

Africa, South America and Australia

38
Q

How have african lungfish been observed using their fins?

A

Walking and bounding using reduced pectoral fins

39
Q

How do male SA lungfish oxygenate embryos ?

A

Male SA lungfish have extensions that can be vascularised - oxygenates nest where developing embryos are

40
Q

How are lungfish adapted to habitats that dry out?

A

Lives in area prone to drying - burrows produces mucus and cocoons - goes into a resting state waiting for condition to improve (aestivation)

41
Q

How do Coelacanths feed?

A

Suction feeders

42
Q

What is interesting about early coelacanth discovery?

A

Thought to have gone extinct 80 MYA
Caught in fishing
Marjorie Courtney-Latimer discovered live coelacanth

43
Q

Coelacanth features

A
  • Large (2 m), deep water, nocturnal
  • Don’t use fins as props when moving around
  • Vestigial fat-filled lung (buoyancy aid)
  • Retain urea
  • Electroreceptor organ - detect electrical
44
Q

Coelacanth reproduction

A
  • Viviparous - internal fertilisation, birth live young.

VERTEBRATES (16 decks)

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