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Biological Anthropology > Primates > Flashcards

Primates Flashcards

1
Q

Derived Traits (PoGO SSOBbeD)
ALL PRIMATES

A

P - petrosal bulla
G - grasping ability
O - olfaction, reduced
S - stereoscopic vision
S - social
O - orbital, enclosed; postorbital bar
B - brains, large relative to size
D - development periods = long

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2
Q

contributing factors to stereoscopic vision (all primates)

A

binocular vision - frontally facing eyes, accurate reach and depth perception

trichromatic vision

cues to form 3D vision - angle, shading, size

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3
Q

contributing factors to high grasping ability (all primates)

A

opposable thumbs
sensitive tactile pads on digits
nails, not claws

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4
Q

contributing factors to reduced olfaction (all primates)

A

lack of rhinarium (haplorrhines)

reduced olfactory region in brain

reduced nasal structure/ snout (in skull)

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5
Q

ancestral traits
ALL PRIMATES

A

generalized body plan
generalized dentition
locomotor adaptations

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6
Q

contributing factors of generalized body plan (ancestral, all primates)

A

retention of clavicle
2 bones in lower arm (radius and ulna)
5 digits

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7
Q

contributing factors of locomotor adaptations (ancestral, all primates)

A

quadrupedalism
vertical clinging and leaping
suspensory
knuckle-walking

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8
Q

contributing factors of generalized dentition (ancestral, all primates)

A

heterodonty

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9
Q

contributing factors of dental adaptations (ancestral, all primates)

A

teeth in maxillary and mandible
bilaterally symmetrical teeth

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10
Q

Strepsirrhine Ancestral Traits (RUT)

A

R - rhinarium
U - unfused mandible
T - tapetum lucidum

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11
Q

Strepsirrhine Derived Traits (NPC)

A

N - nails, only claw = grooming, 2nd hindlimb digit
P - postorbital bar
C - tooth comb

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12
Q

Lorisoidea (strep)

A

L: Africa & Asia
Galagos & Lorises
D: varied - fruits, leaves, insects, small animals, birds
G: solitary or pairs

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13
Q

Galagos (lorisoidea, streps)

A

Africa
vertical clinging and leaping

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14
Q

Lorises (lorisoidea, streps)

A

Africa/ Asia
slow quadrupedal motion
reduced 2nd digit = strong wide grasp

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15
Q

Lemuroidea (strep)

A

L: Madagascar
D: varied diet, eat all
G: diverse - pairs, solitary, large groups
T: varied activity patterns, vertical clinging and leaping

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16
Q

Aye-Aye* (lemuroidea, strep)

A

D: wood-boring insect larvae

expect for thumb and big toe, all digits have claws → elongated and thin 3rd digit, functions like a skewer

large continuously growing incisors

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17
Q

Haplorrhine Derived Traits (eMBED, PC/O/SC, DP)

A

M - mandible, fused
B - brain size large
E - enhanced vision
D - diurnal

PC - postorbital closure
O - olfaction, reduced
SC - social complexity

DP - developmental periods, long

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18
Q

Tarsioidea (tarsiers, haplo)

A

L: SE Asia

19
Q

Tarsier Promisian Traits (GUNS)

A

G - grooming claw
U - unfused mandible
N - nocturnal
S - small social groups

20
Q

Tarsier (Derived) Traits (haplo.)

A

lack: TL, rhinarium, tooth comb
vertical clinging and leaping
large eyes
nocturnal predators of small vert.

21
Q

Similarities in body plans - Platyrrhines and Cercopithecoids

A

Quadrupedalism
hind = forelimbs
long tails for balance
shoulder blades on ribcage side

22
Q

Platyrrhines

A

L: Central and South America
T: all arboreal, some prehensile tails

23
Q

Aotus (platy., haplo)

A

EXCEPTION - only nocturnal monkey

24
Q

Marmosets & Tamarins (platy., haplo)

A

L: Americas
D: omnivorous, insect/plant exudates
G: varied, one breeding female
T: male primary caregiver, twins common

25
Q

Other monkeys (platy, haplo)

A

taxonomy debated
insectivore-frugivore
socially diverse

26
Q

Capuchins (platy, haplo)

A

tool use
enhanced brain

27
Q

Golden Faced Sake (platy, haplo)

A

dental adaptations for hard seeds

28
Q

Spider Monkey (platy, haplo)

A

prehensile tails
highly suspensory

29
Q

Cercopithecoidea (cata, haplo)

A

L: Africa, Asia
ischial callosities
- colobines & cercopithecines

30
Q

Colobine monkeys (cerc, cata, haplo)

A

D: mature leaves
T: arboreal quads, leaping

31
Q

Cercopithecine monkeys (cerc, cata, haplo)

A

D: omnivorous
T: semi-terrestrial/arboreal, cheek pouches, sexual swelling

32
Q

Apes - distinguishable traits (BTN BDL/S)

A

B - large bodies
T - no tails
N - nests in trees to sleep
B - large brains
D - long dev. periods
L/S - locomotion, suspensory adaptations postcranium

33
Q

Suspensory Adaptations (apes)

A

short hindlimbs, long forelimbs
mobile shoulder joint
shoulder blade on back
long curved fingers

34
Q

Vertical clinging & leaping adaptations

A

long, powerful hind limbs
long flexible back
long grasping fingers

35
Q

Gibbons & Siamangs (apes, cata, haplo)

A

L: SE Asia
D: mostly fruits
G: socially monogamous
Sex Di: little
T: brachiation, smaller apes

36
Q

great ape shared traits

A

large bodies
suspensory adaptations BUT quad. on ground
knuckle-walking

37
Q

Orangutans (apes, cata, haplo)

A

L: Borneo, Sumatra
D: highly frugivorous
G: monogamous
Sex Di: somewhat
T: mostly arboreal, quad, slow climbers

38
Q

Gorillas (apes, cata, haplo)

A

L: Central/West Africa - rain forest
D: folivorous
G: ~20 individuals, dom. male
Sex Di: much

39
Q

Chimpanzees (apes, cata, haplo)

A

L: West, Central, East Asia - rainforests, grasslands, woodland savanna
D: fruit, leaves, insects, bird eggs
G: multi-male/female
Sex Di: somewhat
T: male bonding, female aggression, aggressive, lethal raids, tool making

40
Q

Bonobos (apes, cata, haplo)

A

L: Dem. Repub. of Congo - lowland rainforests
D: ~chimps, more veg
G: multi-male/female
T: more slender/smaller than chimps, nonrelated female bonding, lovers

41
Q

Bonobos & Chimps social structure

A

fission-fusion social structure
- small groups split from large
- all combos in groups
- travel, feed, groom, sex, aggression
- promiscuous mating

42
Q

threats to apes

A

habitat destruction
bushmeat hunting
disease
political instability

43
Q

examples of cultural traditions passed on in primates

A

chimps - tool use for termite fishing, hunting behaviors
orangutans - nest building, maternal care
capuchin - tool use for opening nuts, foraging techniques

Biological Anthropology (10 decks)

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