Primate Survey Flashcards
What are the two suborders of primates?
Strepsirhines and Haplorhines
What is the primary distribution of Lorisiformes?
Asia and Africa
What is the biological species concept?
Animals that cannot interbreed and produce viable young are considered separate species
What are the suffixes for superfamily, family, and subfamily?
*Superfamily: -oidea
*family: -idae
*subfamily: -inae
What are common characteristics of Strepsirhines?
*Only found in Old World
*Mostly Nocturnal
*Wet nose (rhinarium)
*mobile ears
*inexpressive faces
*grooming claw
What is the main mode of locomotion for Strepsirhines?
Vertical clinging and leaping
Where are Lemuriformes primarily found, and why?
Madagascar.
Could not survive on mainland due to competition and human hunting
What are the main families within Lorisiformes?
*Lorisidae
*Galagidae
Cheirogaleidae
*Lemuriformes
*Omnivorous
*Nocturnal
*Smallest primates
Lepilemuridae
*Lemuriformes
*Folivorous
*Nocturnal
*Low metabolic rate
Lemuridae
*Omnivorous
*Diurnal
*Scent marking
Indriidae
*Lemuriformes
*Folivorous
*Mixed activity
*Loud wailing calls
Daubentoniidae
*Lemuriformes
*Insectivorous
*Nocturnal
*claws, long middle finger
Lorisidae
*Nocturnal
*Omnivorous
*Slow, venomous
Galagidae
*Lorisiformes
*Nocturnal
*Omnivorous
*Fast leapers
What distinguishes Haplorhines from Strepsirhines?
Dry noses, expressive faces, and less reliance on olfaction
What are the characteristics of Tarsiiformes?
*Only found in SE Asia
*Large eyes and ears
*Different eye-brain connection than Strepsirhines
*Elongated tarsus bone
*Monogamous or 1 male-multi female
*Hide their infants in trees
What are the characteristics of Platyrrhini?
*Found in Mexico, Central and South America
*Arboreal
*Smaller than OWM
*All have tails
*Variable color vision
Which subfamily includes capuchins and squirrel monkeys?
Cebidae
Cebidae characteristics
*Platyrhines
*Omnivorous
*High cognition
*Tool use
*Vocal communication
Pitheciidae characteristics
*Platyrhines
*Folivorous, frugivorous
*Strong pair bonds
*Colorful faces
Which family includes Titis, Sakis, and Uakaris
Pitheciidae
Callitrichidae characteristics
*Platyrhines
*Frugivorous, Insectivorous, sap feeding
*Claws
*Twins, male parental care
What is unique about Callitrichidae’s reproductive behavior?
Rapid reproductive rates producing twins
Which family includes Spider monkeys and howler monkeys
Atelidae
Atelidae characteristics
*Platyrhines
*Folivorous, Frugivorous
*Loud vocal communicaiton
*Prehensile tails
Why do howler monkeys have the smallest relative brains among platyrrhines?
Due to folivorous, low energy diet, and low BMRs
Aotidae(Owl Monkey) characteristics
*Platyrhines
*Frugivorous, insectivorous
*Nocturnal, large eyes
*Male parental care
What adaptations do Colobinae have for their folivorous diet?
Complex stomachs for energy minimization
What is the key difference in dentition between Colobinae and Cercopithecinae?
Colobinae have narrow incisors; Cercopithecinae have broad incisors
What is the primary diet of Lorisiformes?
Insects and fruit
What are the Lemuriformes families
Cheirogaleidae, Daubentoniidae, Lemuridae, Lepilemuridae, Indriidae
What are the Lorisiformes families
Lorisidae, Galagidae
What is a common trait of all Platyrrhines?
All have tails
Wide nostrils
What are the Platyrhine families
Cebidae, Pitheciidae
Callitrichidae, Atelidae, Aotidae
What is the significance of ischial callosities in Cercopithecinae?
Used for sitting due to repeated contact and friction
How do baboons store food?
Using cheek pouches
What is the primary locomotion mode of Lorises?
Deliberate locomotion
What is the distribution of Catarrhini?
Africa and Asia
What is the primary mode of locomotion for Tarsiiformes?
Vertical clinging and leaping
Patas monkeys
*Fight predators in groups
*Fastest cercopithecinae
Baboons
*Social
*Omnivorous
Drills and Mandrills
*Males larger than females
*Terrestrial, but tree capable
*Color change
Colobinae characteristics
*Broad interorbital region
*Narrow incisors
*High molar cusps
*Deep Jaw
*Complex stomachs
*Long legs, tail, short arms
Cercopithecinae characteristics
*Narrow interorbital region
*Broad incisors
*Shallow jaw
*Low molar cusps
*Cheek pouches
*Short tails, similar arms and legs
What monkeys are Colobines
Colobus, Langurs, Leaf, and Odd nosed monkeys
Hominoidea characteristics
*No tails
*Largest primates
*Largest brain to body size ratio
*Upright posture
*Longer gestation and maturation
Hylobatidae characteristics
*Monogamous
*Territorial
*Suspensory locomotion
Hylobatidae adaptations
*Long strong arms
*long hook like fingers
*shortened thumbs
*short hind limbs
*inflexible spines
Gibbons and Siamangs belong to which family
Hylobatidae
Ponginae(Orangutans)
*Asian great ape(Bornea and Sumatra)
*Arboreal
*Solitary
*Frugivorous
*Quadramanual locomotion
Gorillinae(Gorillas)
*African great ape
*Highly folivorous
What is Kay’s threshold
Only worth being insectivorous if the primate is small itself (<=500 g)
Homininae common characteristics
*Fission-fusion societies
*Male philopatric
*Knuckle walking and facultative bipedalism
*Sexual swelling
Chimpanzee characteristics
*Omnivorous
*Hunting
*Tool use
*Male dominant
*Highly aggressive
Bonobo characteristics
*Frugivorous
*Hunting
*Minimal tool use
*Female dominant
*Not aggressive
*GG rubbing
Catarrhine superfamilies
Cercopithecoidea, Hominoidea
Cercopithecidae subfamilies
Cercopithecinae, Colobinae
Hominidae subfamilies
Ponginae, Gorillidae, Homininae
