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Dermatology OAU > PRIMARY & SECONDARY SKIN LESIONS > Flashcards

PRIMARY & SECONDARY SKIN LESIONS Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is skin?

A

The skin is the membranous protective covering of the body, consisting of the epidermis and corium (dermis).

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2
Q

Corium is otherwise known as?

A

Dermis

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3
Q

Itemize the structural components of the skin?

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue
Skin appendages -Sweat and sebaceous glands

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4
Q

What is a lesion?

A

A lesion is a wound or injury, a pathologic change in the tissues
•One of the individual points or patches of a multifocal disease.

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5
Q

What are the morphologic types of lesions?

A

Primary lesions

Secondary lesions

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6
Q

Mention 10 examples of primary lesions?

A 
MACULE 
•PAPULE 
•PATCH 
•NODULE 
•PLAQUE
 •VESICLE
 •BULLA 
•PUSTULE 
•ABSCESS
  • WHEAL
  • ERYTHEMA
  • PETECHIAE
  • PURPURA
  • ECCHYMOSIS
  • TELANGIECTASIA
  • HAEMATOMA
  • PAPILLOMA
  • BURROW
  • COMEDO
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7
Q

Mention 10 examples of secondary skin lesions?

A
  • SCALE
  • CRUST
  • SCAB
  • EROSION
  • FISSURE
  • EXCORIATION
  • ULCER
  • ATROPHY
  • SCAR
  • SINUS
  • STRIA
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8
Q

What is a macule?

A
  • A small, discoloured spot on the skin, neither elevated above nor depressed below the skin’s surface.
  • A circumscribed flat area, less than 0.5cm in diameter.
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9
Q

Mention 2 examples of macular lesions?

A

Vitiligo

Leprosy

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10
Q

What is a papule?

A

•A papule is a small solid elevation of skin.

It is a localised skin de-colouration which is raised, of less than 0.5cm in diameter.

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11
Q

Mention 2 papular lesions?

A 
Lichen planus
acne
pruritic papular eruption
umbilicated papule of molluscum contagiosum
Secondary syphylis
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12
Q

What is a patch?

A
  • A circumscribed flat area, greater than 0.5cm in diameter.
  • Different colour from the surrounding tissue neither elevated above nor depressed below the skin’s surface.
  • It is a “macule” greater than 0.5cm.
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13
Q

Mention 2 examples of patch lesions?

A

vitiligo
albinism
piebaldism.

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14
Q

What is a nodule?

A

A nodule is a solid mass in the skin, a localised skin decolouration which is raised, of greater than 0.5cm in diameter.
•It is elevated and can be palpated.

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15
Q

Mention 2 examples of nodular skin lesions?

A

histoplasmosis

onchocerciasis

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16
Q

What is a plaque?

A

Elevated area of skin greater than 2cm but without substantial depth.
It has a flattened surface.

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17
Q

Mention 2 examples of plaque lesions?

A

keloid

viral warts.

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18
Q

What is a vessicle?

A

Circumscribed elevation of skin, less than 0.5cm in diameter and containing clear fluid.

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19
Q

Mention 2 examples of vessicular lesions?

A

vesicles of Herpes zoster
Herpes simplex
Varicella zoster

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20
Q

What is a bulla?

A

•Blister (accumulation of fluid under epidermis). •Fluid-containing swellings greater than 0.5cm. •A “vesicle” greater than 0.5cm.

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21
Q

Mention 2 examples of Bullous skin lesions?

A

Pemphigoid
Impetigo
Pemphigus

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22
Q

What is a pustule?

A

Pus-containing swelling less than 0.5cm.

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23
Q

Mention 2 examples of Pustular lesions?

A

Pustular impetigo

umbilicated pustule of histoplasmosis.

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24
Q

What is an abscess?

A

A localised collection of pus in a cavity, greater than 1cm in diameter.

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25
Q

Mention an example of an abscess?

A

Hidradinitis suppurativa

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26
Q

What is a wheal?

A

Elevated, white, evanescent, compressible area due to dermal oedema.

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27
Q

Mention an example of a wheal?

A

Seen in Urticaria which can be due to filariasis.

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28
Q

What is Erythema?

A 
Reddish discolouration of the skin of any size due to vascular dilatation. 
•May be transient or chronic. 
•Can be blanched by pressure. 
•Localised, diffuse or generalised. 
•Acute (transient) form is Flushing.
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29
Q

What are the possible causes of Erythema?

A

steroids
emotions
hemangioma

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30
Q

What are petechiae?

A

•Pinhead-sized macules of blood in the skin.

31
Q

What are the possible causes of petechiae?

A

Can be steroid-induced.

32
Q

What is purpura?

A

Discolouration of the skin due to extravasation of blood (often larger macule or papule).
•Red, usually dark, and cannot be blanched by pressure, e.g. if a glass lens is pushed against them (DIASCOPY), unlike erythema.
•Observed colour change is due to haem degradation within phagocytes (Dark red to yellow-green to brown haemosiderin) over a period of days.

33
Q

What are the possible causes of purpura?

A

•Can be due to thrombocytopaenia

34
Q

What is ecchymosis?

A

•A large extravasation of blood into the skin. •Goes through colour change associated with a bruising (blue-green to brown before fading).

35
Q

What is telangiectasia?

A
  • A condition of dilated cutaneous blood vessels in the skin.
  • Redness is apparent but individual dilated vessels are discernable.
36
Q

What are the possible causes of telangiectasia?

A
  • CREST syndrome
  • Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia

•CREST syndrome is variant of systemic sclerosis characterised by

  • Calcinosis
  • Raynaud phenomenon
  • Esophageal motility disorders
  • Sclerodactyly
  • Telangiectasia
37
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

*Collection of blood. A swelling from gross bleeding.

38
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

•A nipple-like mass projecting from the skin.

39
Q

Mention an example of a papillomatous lesion?

A

Molluscum warts

40
Q

What is a burrow?

A
  • A burrow is a linear or curvilinear papule. •Serpiginous tunnel or streak
  • Caused by a burrowing organisms
41
Q

What are the possible causes of burrows?

A

Scabies

42
Q

What is a comedo?

A

•The noninflammatory lesions of acne due to keratin impaction in the pilosebaceous canal. •The plural form is comedones.
•A comedo is a plug of greasy keratin wedged in a dilated pilosebaceous orifice.
*Open comedones are blackheads.
*The follicle opening of a closed comedo is nearly covered over by skin so that it looks like a pinhead-sized, ivory-coloured papule.

43
Q

What is poikiloderma?

A
  • Poikiloderma is a triad of:
  • atrophy
  • reticulate hyperpigmentation
  • telangiectasia.
44
Q

What are secondary lesions?

A

Mostly derived from primary lesions due to: •Progression of the primary lesion
•Complication of the primary lesion
•Trauma to primary lesion
•Infection, etc.

45
Q

What is a scale?

A
  • Visibly thickened stratum corneum (skin desquamation)
  • Usually dry and whitish in colour
  • These features help differentiate scales from crusts, which are often moist and usually yellowish or brown.
46
Q

What are the possible causes of scales?

A 
allergic contact dermatitis
irritant contact dermatitis
atopic dermatitis
exfoliative dermatitis
lichen planus
psoriasis.
47
Q

What are crusts?

A
  • Liquid debris (e.g. serum or pus) that has dried on the surface of the skin and are easily removed.
  • Most frequently result from breakage of vesicles, pustules or bullae.
48
Q

What are the possible causes of crusts?

A

Impetigo

infected dermatitis

49
Q

What are scabs?

A

Dried skin exudates that are difficult to remove. •Formed by coagulation of blood, pus, serum, or a combination of these, on the surface of an ulcer, erosion, or other type of wound.

50
Q

What are erosions?

A
  • These are lesions where there is partial loss of skin, e.g. loss of stratum corneum or even loss of the whole epidermis, but leaving dermis in the base.
  • Erosions heal without scarring.
51
Q

What are the possible causes of erosions?

A

raw areas of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.

52
Q

What are fissures?

A

•These are small, fine, linear gaps or splits in the skin surface.

53
Q

What are the possible causes of fissures?

A

•Seen in chronic dermatitis.

54
Q

What is an excoriation?

A

•Any loss of substance of skin due to scratching. •It is usually linear.

55
Q

What are ulcers?

A
  • These are defects formed by the loss of the entire epidermis and dermis due to trauma, sloughing or necrosis.
  • The base of an ulcer may be granulation tissue or any subcutaneous structure according to ulcer depth.
56
Q

What are the possible causes of ulcers?

A

Guinea worm ulcer

57
Q

What is atrophy?

A
  • This is tissue diminution, e.g., loss of subcutaneous fat.
  • Epidermal atrophy may be due to ISCHAEMIA. •Dermal atrophy may be due to LOSS OF COLLAGEN.
58
Q

What are the possible causes of Atrophic lesions?

A
  • striae of corticosteroid abuse

* DLE (Discoid Lupus Erythematosus)

59
Q

What is a scar?

A
  • A scar is a fibrous tissue replacing normal tissues destroyed by injury or disease
  • Scars may be atrophic, thin and wrinkled, or hypertrophic due to excessive collagen tissue (fibrosis).
60
Q

What are the possible causes of scars?

A

keloid scar

61
Q

What is lichenification?

A
  • A chronic thickening of the epidermis with exaggeration of its normal markings due to scratching or rubbing or friction.
  • LICHENIFIED SKIN is:
  • Hyperpigmented
  • Thickened
  • Rough with accentuation of skin markings like the bark of a tree
  • Usually follows repeated chronic scratching.
62
Q

What are the possible causes of lichenification?

A

chronic dermatitis

63
Q

What is hypopigmentation?

A

•Discolouration lighter than normal skin colour.

64
Q

What is hyperpigmentation?

A

Discolouration darker than normal skin colour.

65
Q

What is Alopecia?

A

Abnormal loss of hair

66
Q

What is a callus?

A

A localised hypertrophy of stratum corneum, especially of the palm or sole, due to physical pressure.

67
Q

What is a cyst?

A

any closed cavity, lined with epithelium or endothelium and containing liquid or semi-solid material.

68
Q

What is a furuncle?

A

a follicular pyogenic infection.

69
Q

What is Folliculitis?

A

inflammation of hair follicles, whether chemical or microbial.

70
Q

What is a gangrene?

A

tissue death due to ischaemia.

71
Q

What is a horn?

A

a keratotic lesion of circumscribed overgrowth on the epidermis. It is taller than it is broad.

72
Q

What is an infarct?

A

an area of coagulation necrosis due to ischaemia.

73
Q

What is a striae?

A

a stripe, band, streak, or line distinguished by colour, texture, depression, or elevation from the tissue in which it is found.

74
Q

What are the possible causes of striae?

A

obesity
steroid abuse
pregnancy (striae gravidarum)

Dermatology OAU (10 decks)

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