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Primary Mechanisms of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

a disorder of nutrition caused by primary deprivation of protein-energy or secondary to deficiency diseases

A

Malnutrition

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2
Q

Kwashiorkor syndrome

A

deficiency of protein in the presence of adequate energy (infants) - trauma, burns, sepsis

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3
Q

Marasmus syndrome

A

combines protein and energy insufficiency, chronic diseases - 20% hospitalized patients

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4
Q

Group of disorders in which intestinal absorption of dietary nutrients is impaired

A

Malabsorption

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5
Q

loss of appetite

A

anorexia

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6
Q

forceful expulsion of chyme from the stomach and sometimes from the intestine

A

emesis, vomiting

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7
Q

blood in vomitus resembling coffee grounds, a brown granular material

A

hematemesis

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8
Q

yellowish, greenish vomitus is from

A

the duodenum

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9
Q

deeper brown color

A

content from lower intestine, recurrent vomiting in persons with intestinal obstruction

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10
Q

recurrent vomiting of undigested food from previous meals

A

possible pyloric obstruction - problem with gastric emptying

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11
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

psychological disturbance in which hunger is denied by self-imposed starvation, resulting from a distorted body image and a compulsion to be thin

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12
Q

signs and symptoms: anorexia nervosa

A

-female adolescent who is meticulous, is a high achiever, and refuses food intake.
-preoccupied with obesity and obsessed with her weight.
-experiences unfazed weight loss.
-family members bring forth attention to provider
-thin hair
-poor wound healing
-dental changes
-amenorrhea, cold intolerance, constipation, bloating, abdominal distress
-hyperactive, over-exercises
-hypotensive, bradycardic, hypothermic
-sadness, insomnia, FOMO

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13
Q

etiology: anorexia nervosa

A

unknown. family/societal factors are believed

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14
Q

diagnosis: anorexia nervosa

A

clinical picture and history.
-weight loss (15%)
-emaciated
-fear of weight gain
-absent or irregular menstruation
-hypotensive and bradycardic on exam
-blood tests, UA, ECG

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15
Q

treatment: anorexia nervosa

A

promote weight and restore nutrition

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16
Q

prognosis: anorexia nervosa

A

favorable when help is sought timely and willingly

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17
Q

prevention: anorexia nervosa

A

no certain prevention

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18
Q

patient teaching: anorexia nervosa

A

build trust and sensitivity in presenting recovery plan

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19
Q

behavioral disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging, usually in secret

A

bulimia

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20
Q

signs and symptoms: bulimia

A

-binge-purge eating
-fear of becoming fat
-poor dentition, pharyngitis, esophagitis, aspiration, electrolyte abdn.
-gastric dilatation
-abuse laxatives
-compulsive exercise
-swollen salivary glands
-broken blood vessels in eyes
-periods usually followed by self-imposed starvation
-preserved menstruation

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21
Q

patient screening: bulimia

A

shame and denial of disease

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22
Q

etiology: bulimia

A

uncertain. psychosocial factors

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23
Q

prognosis: bulimia

A

years-long treatment, slow process. rare death

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24
Q

pt teaching: bulimia

A

encourage complicity with POC

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25
disease of the small intestine that is characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, and damage to the lining of the intestine
celiac disease
26
symptoms and signs: celiac disease
-multisystem -weight loss -anorexia -abdominal cramping -diarrhea -flatulence -abdominal distention -intestinal bleeding -weakness -muscle wasting -dermatitis herpetiformis -large, pale, greasy, foul-smelling stools -malabsorption and malnutrition
27
etiology: celiac disease
toxic or immunologic reaction to a component of gluten. genetic factor, occurrence is higher in siblings.
28
diagnosis: celiac disease
1- positive serologic testing 2- biopsy of small intestine showing changes or destruction of mucosal lining 3- improvement while on a gluten-free diet
29
treatment: Celiac disease
strictly adhere to gluten free diet. gut heals and reverses malabsorption
30
prognosis: celiac disease
gradual recovery, life-long gluten free diet. risk for cancer and malnutrition, specially in children.
31
refers to an excess amount of body weight that may be a result of muscles, bone, fat, and water
overweight
32
excess amount of body fat
obesity
33
measure for obesity
body mass index (BMI)
34
condition in which the body's cells become resistant to the effects of insulin and changes in metabolism
insulin resistance - can lead to DM2
35
inflammatory markers seen in obese state
C-reactive protein, IL-6
36
Primary prevention
protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in the first place
37
secondary prevention
interventions after an illness or serious risk factors have been diagnosed. goal is to halt the disease in its earliest stages.
38
tertiary prevention
helps people manage complicated, long-term health problems
39
what level of effects of abnormalities does pathphysiology focus on?
organ level, noticing cellular changes
40
essential lab procedures for pathophysiology
-biopsy -autopsy -analysis of body fluids
41
identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, lab test, or other tools
diagnosis
42
causative factors in a particular disease
etiology
43
unknown etiology
idiopathic
44
disease caused by error, procedure, treatment
iatrogenic
45
encompass the tendencies that promote the development of a disease in an individual indicating a high risk
predisposing factor
46
examples of predisposing factors
age, gender, inherited factors, occupational exposure, certain dietary practices
47
measure designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of a disease
prophylaxis
48
examples of disease prevention
vaccination, dietary or lifestyle modifications, removal of harmful materials in the environment, cessation of potentially harmful actives
49
period of life from old age to death
senescence
50
gradual deterioration of the functions of the immune system
immunosenescence
51
average life span in the us
78.7 years
52
when ovaries cease to respond to FSH and LH, resulting in lack of ovulation, cessation of menstrual cycle, and declining estrogen and progesterone levels
menopause
53
central part of the gland around the urethra hypertrophies, resulting in some degree of obstruction of the urethra
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
54
masses of tiny tangled fibrils
neurofibrils
55
ventilation is limited in aging individuals for
-elasticity in the lung tissue is reduced -the costal cartilage between the ribs and the sternum calcifies, reducing rib movement -skeletal muscle atrophies and weakens -any skeletal change may reduce thoracic movement
56
dry mouth
xerostomia
57
frequent urination during the night
nocturia
58
severe risk factors associated with osteoporosis in older persons
-hereditary predisposition - decreased estrogen levels -decreased weight-bearing activity or stress on bone -decreased intake of calcium, vitamins C and D, at all ages -decreased intestinal absorption of calcium -decreased osteoblastic activity, increased risk with glucocorticoid/cortisol use
59
recommendations to reduce the risk and the progression of osteoporosis with aging include
-increased calcium intake plus adequate vitamin D -walking and all other weight-bearing exercise, physiotherapy, rehab -drugs: bisphosphonates (fosamax) -individual hormonal therapy (selective estrogen receptor modulators, estrogen replacement therapy, synthetic calcitonin, or parathyroid hormone
60
cancer is common in elderly why
immune system becomes less effective surveillance unit, higher cumulative exposure to carcinogens
61
principal factors underlying complications in drug therapies in older adults
-altered pharmacokinetics -multiple and severe illnesses -multidrug therapy -poor adherence
62
physiologic changes that affect drug absorption of drugs in older adults
-increased gastric pH -decreased absorptive surface area -decreased splanchnic blood flow -decreased GI mobility -delayed gastric emptying
63
physiologic changes affecting the distribution of drugs in older adults
-increased body fat -decreased lean body mass -decreased total body water -decreased serum albumin -decreased cardiac output
64
physiologic changes affecting the metabolism of drugs in older adults
-decreased hepatic blood flow -decreased hepatic mass -decreased activity of hepatic enzymes
65
physiologic changes affecting excretion of drugs in older adults
-decreased renal blood flow -decreased glomerular filtration rate -decreased tubular secretion -decreased number of nephrons
66
rate of absorption is ___ in older adults
delayed
67
factors altering drug distribution in older adults
-increased percentage of body fat -decreased percentage of lean body mass -decreased total body water -reduced concentration of serum albumin
68
increased body fat retains lipid soluble drugs, reducing plasma levels, ...
reducing responses
69
decline in lean body mass and total body water, water-soluble drugs become distributed in smaller volume than younger adults
concentration of drug increases, effects are more intense
70
most important cause of adverse drug reactions in older adults
drug accumulation secondary to reduced renal excretion
71
proper index of renal function
creatinine clearance
72
drugs used primarily for cardiac disorders
beta-adrenergic blocking agents
73
outer layers of skin have been scraped away or roughed up and deeper layers are exposed
abrasion
74
portion of the skin and possibly underlying tissue is torn away, either completely or partially
avulsion
75
signs and symptoms: abrasions
-raw and reddened -painful -small amount of bleeding
76
patient screening: abrasions
-prompt cleansing -tetenus prophylaxis should be confirmed
77
etiology: abrasions
friction created when a rough, hard surface comes in contact with skin as a consequence of a scraping or sliding type of motion
78
diagnosis: abrasions
subjective information, history, and visual inspection
79
treatment: abrasions
-gentle washing and irrigation -foreign particles removed - germicidal ointment or cream may be applied -dressing may be applied as well, depending on the size and location of abrasion -prophylaxis with tdap injection is confirmed or administered
80
patient teaching: abrasions
appropriate wound care clean and dry
81
signs and symptoms: avulsions
-pain and bleeding -still partially attached
82
patient screening: avulsions
-prompt cleansing -closure of the open wound -reattachment if possible -tetanus prophylaxis confirmed
83
etiology: avulsions
entangled in machinery, clothing, entrapped causing skin, tissue, bone to be torn and pulled away from the body
84
diagnosis: avulsions
-visual inspection of the affected part -history of the mechanism of injury
85
treatment: avulsions
-controlling bleeding -cleansing area -surgically repair the tissue -sterile dressing -tetanus prophylaxis confirmation or administration
86
pt teaching: avulsions
-reinforce safety guidelines -would care
87
pointed or sharp foreign object penetrates the soft tissue
puncture
88
signs and symptoms: puncture
-pain -very little bleeding -redness at site -no dramatic appearance
89
patient screening: punctures
-prompt assessment and cleansing -tetanus prophylaxis confirmation -stabilization of impaled objects
90
etiology: puncture
sharp, pointed object penetrates the skin and underlying soft tissue
91
diagnosis: puncture
-visual examination -history -radiographic studies
92
treatment: puncture
-removal of foreign body -copious irrigation oft he wound -sterile dressing applies -tetanus prophylaxis confirmed
93
a part of the body is compressed with extreme force between two surfaces
crushing
94
signs and symptoms: crushing injuries
-any body part -pain -immobility
95
patient screening: crushing injuries
prompt assessment and intervention
96
treatment: crushing injuries
-cleansed -irrigated -debrided
97
patient teaching: crushing injuries
-safety guidelines -wound care
98
sharp object cuts the skin and possibly underlying soft tissue
lacerations
99
signs and symptoms: lacerations
-pain -moderate to severe bleeding -smooth or jagged edges
100
patient screening:
prompt cleansing and repair
101
etiology: lacerations
sharp instrument cuts skin and underlying soft tissue
102
diagnosis: lacerations
-visual examination -history
103
laceration with smooth edges that can be approximated cleanly is termed
incision
104
treatment: lacerations
-cleansed with germicidal soap -taping edges -butterfly dressing -steri-strips -blood control -suture -tetanus prophylaxis
105
patient teaching: lacerations
-wound care -tetanus prophylaxis -suture removal
106
signs and symptoms: foreign bodies in the ear
-stuffiness -something in ear -buzzing in ear -decreased hearing
107
etiology: foreign bodies in ear
-flying insects -smaller objects by children -debris
108
diagnosis: foreign objects in the ear
visual and/or otoscopic inspection of the ear canal
109
treatment: foreign bodies in the ear
-removal of offending object without damaging the ear canal or tympanic membrane
110
signs and symptoms: foreign bodies in the eye
-scratching -irritation -blurred or compromised vision -tearing
111
patient screening: foreign objects in the eye
prompt evaluation and intervention
112
etiology: foreign bodies in the eye
many sources
113
diagnosis: foreign bodies in the eye
ophthalmoscopic exam of the eye
114
treatment: foreign bodies in the eye
removal of small offending material
115
signs and symptoms: foreign bodies in the nose
constricted nares
116
etiology: foreign bodies in the nose
children wading object
117
diagnosis: foreign bodies in the nose
-history and visualization -often mucus dripping
118

Patho & Pharmo (6 decks)

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