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Patho & Pharmo > Primary Mechanisms of Disease > Flashcards

Primary Mechanisms of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

a disorder of nutrition caused by primary deprivation of protein-energy or secondary to deficiency diseases

A

Malnutrition

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2
Q

Kwashiorkor syndrome

A

deficiency of protein in the presence of adequate energy (infants) - trauma, burns, sepsis

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3
Q

Marasmus syndrome

A

combines protein and energy insufficiency, chronic diseases - 20% hospitalized patients

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4
Q

Group of disorders in which intestinal absorption of dietary nutrients is impaired

A

Malabsorption

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5
Q

loss of appetite

A

anorexia

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6
Q

forceful expulsion of chyme from the stomach and sometimes from the intestine

A

emesis, vomiting

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7
Q

blood in vomitus resembling coffee grounds, a brown granular material

A

hematemesis

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8
Q

yellowish, greenish vomitus is from

A

the duodenum

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9
Q

deeper brown color

A

content from lower intestine, recurrent vomiting in persons with intestinal obstruction

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10
Q

recurrent vomiting of undigested food from previous meals

A

possible pyloric obstruction - problem with gastric emptying

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11
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

psychological disturbance in which hunger is denied by self-imposed starvation, resulting from a distorted body image and a compulsion to be thin

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12
Q

signs and symptoms: anorexia nervosa

A

-female adolescent who is meticulous, is a high achiever, and refuses food intake.
-preoccupied with obesity and obsessed with her weight.
-experiences unfazed weight loss.
-family members bring forth attention to provider
-thin hair
-poor wound healing
-dental changes
-amenorrhea, cold intolerance, constipation, bloating, abdominal distress
-hyperactive, over-exercises
-hypotensive, bradycardic, hypothermic
-sadness, insomnia, FOMO

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13
Q

etiology: anorexia nervosa

A

unknown. family/societal factors are believed

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14
Q

diagnosis: anorexia nervosa

A

clinical picture and history.
-weight loss (15%)
-emaciated
-fear of weight gain
-absent or irregular menstruation
-hypotensive and bradycardic on exam
-blood tests, UA, ECG

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15
Q

treatment: anorexia nervosa

A

promote weight and restore nutrition

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16
Q

prognosis: anorexia nervosa

A

favorable when help is sought timely and willingly

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17
Q

prevention: anorexia nervosa

A

no certain prevention

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18
Q

patient teaching: anorexia nervosa

A

build trust and sensitivity in presenting recovery plan

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19
Q

behavioral disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging, usually in secret

A

bulimia

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20
Q

signs and symptoms: bulimia

A

-binge-purge eating
-fear of becoming fat
-poor dentition, pharyngitis, esophagitis, aspiration, electrolyte abdn.
-gastric dilatation
-abuse laxatives
-compulsive exercise
-swollen salivary glands
-broken blood vessels in eyes
-periods usually followed by self-imposed starvation
-preserved menstruation

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21
Q

patient screening: bulimia

A

shame and denial of disease

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22
Q

etiology: bulimia

A

uncertain. psychosocial factors

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23
Q

prognosis: bulimia

A

years-long treatment, slow process. rare death

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24
Q

pt teaching: bulimia

A

encourage complicity with POC

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25
Q

disease of the small intestine that is characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, and damage to the lining of the intestine

A

celiac disease

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26
Q

symptoms and signs: celiac disease

A

-multisystem
-weight loss
-anorexia
-abdominal cramping
-diarrhea
-flatulence
-abdominal distention
-intestinal bleeding
-weakness
-muscle wasting
-dermatitis herpetiformis
-large, pale, greasy, foul-smelling stools
-malabsorption and malnutrition

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27
Q

etiology: celiac disease

A

toxic or immunologic reaction to a component of gluten.
genetic factor, occurrence is higher in siblings.

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28
Q

diagnosis: celiac disease

A

1- positive serologic testing
2- biopsy of small intestine showing changes or destruction of mucosal lining
3- improvement while on a gluten-free diet

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29
Q

treatment: Celiac disease

A

strictly adhere to gluten free diet. gut heals and reverses malabsorption

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30
Q

prognosis: celiac disease

A

gradual recovery, life-long gluten free diet. risk for cancer and malnutrition, specially in children.

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31
Q

refers to an excess amount of body weight that may be a result of muscles, bone, fat, and water

A

overweight

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32
Q

excess amount of body fat

A

obesity

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33
Q

measure for obesity

A

body mass index (BMI)

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34
Q

condition in which the body’s cells become resistant to the effects of insulin and changes in metabolism

A

insulin resistance - can lead to DM2

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35
Q

inflammatory markers seen in obese state

A

C-reactive protein, IL-6

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36
Q

Primary prevention

A

protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in the first place

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37
Q

secondary prevention

A

interventions after an illness or serious risk factors have been diagnosed. goal is to halt the disease in its earliest stages.

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38
Q

tertiary prevention

A

helps people manage complicated, long-term health problems

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39
Q

what level of effects of abnormalities does pathphysiology focus on?

A

organ level, noticing cellular changes

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40
Q

essential lab procedures for pathophysiology

A

-biopsy
-autopsy
-analysis of body fluids

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41
Q

identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, lab test, or other tools

A

diagnosis

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42
Q

causative factors in a particular disease

A

etiology

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43
Q

unknown etiology

A

idiopathic

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44
Q

disease caused by error, procedure, treatment

A

iatrogenic

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45
Q

encompass the tendencies that promote the development of a disease in an individual indicating a high risk

A

predisposing factor

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46
Q

examples of predisposing factors

A

age, gender, inherited factors, occupational exposure, certain dietary practices

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47
Q

measure designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of a disease

A

prophylaxis

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48
Q

examples of disease prevention

A

vaccination, dietary or lifestyle modifications, removal of harmful materials in the environment, cessation of potentially harmful actives

49
Q

period of life from old age to death

A

senescence

50
Q

gradual deterioration of the functions of the immune system

A

immunosenescence

51
Q

average life span in the us

A

78.7 years

52
Q

when ovaries cease to respond to FSH and LH, resulting in lack of ovulation, cessation of menstrual cycle, and declining estrogen and progesterone levels

A

menopause

53
Q

central part of the gland around the urethra hypertrophies, resulting in some degree of obstruction of the urethra

A

benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

54
Q

masses of tiny tangled fibrils

A

neurofibrils

55
Q

ventilation is limited in aging individuals for

A

-elasticity in the lung tissue is reduced
-the costal cartilage between the ribs and the sternum calcifies, reducing rib movement
-skeletal muscle atrophies and weakens
-any skeletal change may reduce thoracic movement

56
Q

dry mouth

A

xerostomia

57
Q

frequent urination during the night

A

nocturia

58
Q

severe risk factors associated with osteoporosis in older persons

A

-hereditary predisposition
- decreased estrogen levels
-decreased weight-bearing activity or stress on bone
-decreased intake of calcium, vitamins C and D, at all ages
-decreased intestinal absorption of calcium
-decreased osteoblastic activity, increased risk with glucocorticoid/cortisol use

59
Q

recommendations to reduce the risk and the progression of osteoporosis with aging include

A

-increased calcium intake plus adequate vitamin D
-walking and all other weight-bearing exercise, physiotherapy, rehab
-drugs: bisphosphonates (fosamax)
-individual hormonal therapy (selective estrogen receptor modulators, estrogen replacement therapy, synthetic calcitonin, or parathyroid hormone

60
Q

cancer is common in elderly why

A

immune system becomes less effective surveillance unit, higher cumulative exposure to carcinogens

61
Q

principal factors underlying complications in drug therapies in older adults

A

-altered pharmacokinetics
-multiple and severe illnesses
-multidrug therapy
-poor adherence

62
Q

physiologic changes that affect drug absorption of drugs in older adults

A

-increased gastric pH
-decreased absorptive surface area
-decreased splanchnic blood flow
-decreased GI mobility
-delayed gastric emptying

63
Q

physiologic changes affecting the distribution of drugs in older adults

A

-increased body fat
-decreased lean body mass
-decreased total body water
-decreased serum albumin
-decreased cardiac output

64
Q

physiologic changes affecting the metabolism of drugs in older adults

A

-decreased hepatic blood flow
-decreased hepatic mass
-decreased activity of hepatic enzymes

65
Q

physiologic changes affecting excretion of drugs in older adults

A

-decreased renal blood flow
-decreased glomerular filtration rate
-decreased tubular secretion
-decreased number of nephrons

66
Q

rate of absorption is ___ in older adults

A

delayed

67
Q

factors altering drug distribution in older adults

A

-increased percentage of body fat
-decreased percentage of lean body mass
-decreased total body water
-reduced concentration of serum albumin

68
Q

increased body fat retains lipid soluble drugs, reducing plasma levels, …

A

reducing responses

69
Q

decline in lean body mass and total body water, water-soluble drugs become distributed in smaller volume than younger adults

A

concentration of drug increases, effects are more intense

70
Q

most important cause of adverse drug reactions in older adults

A

drug accumulation secondary to reduced renal excretion

71
Q

proper index of renal function

A

creatinine clearance

72
Q

drugs used primarily for cardiac disorders

A

beta-adrenergic blocking agents

73
Q

outer layers of skin have been scraped away or roughed up and deeper layers are exposed

A

abrasion

74
Q

portion of the skin and possibly underlying tissue is torn away, either completely or partially

A

avulsion

75
Q

signs and symptoms: abrasions

A

-raw and reddened
-painful
-small amount of bleeding

76
Q

patient screening: abrasions

A

-prompt cleansing
-tetenus prophylaxis should be confirmed

77
Q

etiology: abrasions

A

friction created when a rough, hard surface comes in contact with skin as a consequence of a scraping or sliding type of motion

78
Q

diagnosis: abrasions

A

subjective information, history, and visual inspection

79
Q

treatment: abrasions

A

-gentle washing and irrigation
-foreign particles removed
- germicidal ointment or cream may be applied
-dressing may be applied as well, depending on the size and location of abrasion
-prophylaxis with tdap injection is confirmed or administered

80
Q

patient teaching: abrasions

A

appropriate wound care clean and dry

81
Q

signs and symptoms: avulsions

A

-pain and bleeding
-still partially attached

82
Q

patient screening: avulsions

A

-prompt cleansing
-closure of the open wound
-reattachment if possible
-tetanus prophylaxis confirmed

83
Q

etiology: avulsions

A

entangled in machinery, clothing, entrapped causing skin, tissue, bone to be torn and pulled away from the body

84
Q

diagnosis: avulsions

A

-visual inspection of the affected part
-history of the mechanism of injury

85
Q

treatment: avulsions

A

-controlling bleeding
-cleansing area
-surgically repair the tissue
-sterile dressing
-tetanus prophylaxis confirmation or administration

86
Q

pt teaching: avulsions

A

-reinforce safety guidelines
-would care

87
Q

pointed or sharp foreign object penetrates the soft tissue

A

puncture

88
Q

signs and symptoms: puncture

A

-pain
-very little bleeding
-redness at site
-no dramatic appearance

89
Q

patient screening: punctures

A

-prompt assessment and cleansing
-tetanus prophylaxis confirmation
-stabilization of impaled objects

90
Q

etiology: puncture

A

sharp, pointed object penetrates the skin and underlying soft tissue

91
Q

diagnosis: puncture

A

-visual examination
-history
-radiographic studies

92
Q

treatment: puncture

A

-removal of foreign body
-copious irrigation oft he wound
-sterile dressing applies
-tetanus prophylaxis confirmed

93
Q

a part of the body is compressed with extreme force between two surfaces

A

crushing

94
Q

signs and symptoms: crushing injuries

A

-any body part
-pain
-immobility

95
Q

patient screening: crushing injuries

A

prompt assessment and intervention

96
Q

treatment: crushing injuries

A

-cleansed
-irrigated
-debrided

97
Q

patient teaching: crushing injuries

A

-safety guidelines
-wound care

98
Q

sharp object cuts the skin and possibly underlying soft tissue

A

lacerations

99
Q

signs and symptoms: lacerations

A

-pain
-moderate to severe bleeding
-smooth or jagged edges

100
Q

patient screening:

A

prompt cleansing and repair

101
Q

etiology: lacerations

A

sharp instrument cuts skin and underlying soft tissue

102
Q

diagnosis: lacerations

A

-visual examination
-history

103
Q

laceration with smooth edges that can be approximated cleanly is termed

A

incision

104
Q

treatment: lacerations

A

-cleansed with germicidal soap
-taping edges
-butterfly dressing
-steri-strips
-blood control
-suture
-tetanus prophylaxis

105
Q

patient teaching: lacerations

A

-wound care
-tetanus prophylaxis
-suture removal

106
Q

signs and symptoms: foreign bodies in the ear

A

-stuffiness
-something in ear
-buzzing in ear
-decreased hearing

107
Q

etiology: foreign bodies in ear

A

-flying insects
-smaller objects by children
-debris

108
Q

diagnosis: foreign objects in the ear

A

visual and/or otoscopic inspection of the ear canal

109
Q

treatment: foreign bodies in the ear

A

-removal of offending object without damaging the ear canal or tympanic membrane

110
Q

signs and symptoms: foreign bodies in the eye

A

-scratching
-irritation
-blurred or compromised vision
-tearing

111
Q

patient screening: foreign objects in the eye

A

prompt evaluation and intervention

112
Q

etiology: foreign bodies in the eye

A

many sources

113
Q

diagnosis: foreign bodies in the eye

A

ophthalmoscopic exam of the eye

114
Q

treatment: foreign bodies in the eye

A

removal of small offending material

115
Q

signs and symptoms: foreign bodies in the nose

A

constricted nares

116
Q

etiology: foreign bodies in the nose

A

children wading object

117
Q

diagnosis: foreign bodies in the nose

A

-history and visualization
-often mucus dripping

118
Q
A

Patho & Pharmo (3 decks)

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