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PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS Flashcards

1
Q

3 coats of blood vessel wall

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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2
Q

Also known as tunica interna

A

Tunica intima

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3
Q

Simple squamous epithelium lining the blood vessel wall

A

Endothelium

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4
Q

Composed of smooth muscle and elastic fiber ; thickest coat

A

Tunica media

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5
Q

Also known as tunica externa

A

Tunica adventitia

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6
Q

Distributing blood vessels that leave the heart measuring 4 mm ; thickest walls of the vascular systems

A

Arteries

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7
Q

Microscopic continuation of arteries that give off branches called metarterioles, which in turn join the capillaries ; measuring 30 um

A

Arterioles

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8
Q

Collecting blood vessels that return to the heart ; larger , have a more irregular lumen than arteries ; measuring 5 mm

A

Veins

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9
Q

Microscopically sized veins; connect the capillaries to the veins ; measuring 20 um

A

Venules

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10
Q

Blood passes from the arterial to the venous via the ___ ; measuring 8 um

A

Capillaries

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11
Q

Specialized types of capillaries found in locations such as the bone marrow, spleen and liver

A

Sinusoids

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12
Q

Aka prostaglandin I2

A

Prostacyclin

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13
Q

Inhibits platelet activation ; penetrates the platelet and bind at its IP receptor

A

Prostacyclin

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14
Q

produced by the eicosanoid pathway in endothelial cells

A

Prostacyclin

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15
Q

Stimulates vasodilation

A

Adenosine

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16
Q

A thrombin factor that binds thrombin and reduces its ability participate in clotting process

A

Thrombomodulin

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17
Q

Thrombomoduling + thrombin, activate what (2)

A

Protein C
TAFI (thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor)

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18
Q

It inactivates factors Va and VIIIa

A

Activated protein C

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19
Q

An antifibrinolytic enzyme produced by thrombomodulin and thrombin

A

TAFI (thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhbitor)

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20
Q

Weakly enhances antithrombin (previously called Antithrombin III)

A

Heparan sulfate

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21
Q

Major plasminogen activator

A

TPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

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22
Q

Aka fibrinolysin ; enzyme that dissolves clot

A

Plasmin

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23
Q

Aka fibrinolysin ; enzyme that dissolves clot

A

Plasmin

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24
Q

Aids in platelet adhesion ; act as a carrier protein for factor VIII

A

VWF

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25
Q

Site of synthesis of VWF

A

Endothelial cell
Megakaryocyte

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26
Q

Sites of storage of VWF

A

Weibel-Palade bodies
Alpha granules

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27
Q

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 133

A

ADAMTS 13

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28
Q

VWF cleaving protease ; secreted by the liver

A

ADAMTS 13

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29
Q

Regulates the size of circulating VWF by cleaving ultra long VWF multimers into shorter segments (have hemostasis potential)

A

ADAMTS 13

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30
Q

Caused by ADAMTS 13 deficiency

A

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura

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31
Q

How many days do platelets stay in the spleen n

A

2 days

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32
Q

Approx ____ of the total number of plts are in the systemic

A

2/3

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33
Q

__ of the total number of plts are in the spleen

A

1/3

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34
Q

Platelets life span

A

9 days plus or minus 1 day

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35
Q

On a wright-stained PBS, platelets are spread throughout the RBC monolayer (_ to _ cells per ___x field)

A

7 to 21 cells per 100x field

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36
Q

Platelets have an average diameter of

A

2.5 um (2 to 4 um)

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37
Q

Also known as stress platelet ; appear in compensation for thrombocytopenia

A

Reticulated platelets

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38
Q

Newly released from megakaryocytes and still contain RNA ; markedly larger than usual

A

Reticulated plt

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39
Q

Can help differentiate bone marrow failure from peripheral destruction in thrombocytopenia ; early predictor of bone marrow recovery after chemo and transplantation

A

Reticulated platelets

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40
Q

Potentially prothrombotic (may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease)

A

Reticulated platelet

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41
Q

Normal average size of platelets

A

2.5 um

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42
Q

Mean platelet volume reference range

A

6.8 - 10.2 fL

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43
Q

This anticoagulant causes swelling of platelets (causes approx 20% increase in MPV during the first hour)

A

EDTA

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44
Q

MPV should be based on EDTA specimens that are between _ to _ hours old

A

1-4 hours

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45
Q

Small platelets ; x-linked recessive

A

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

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46
Q

Infections with small platelets (TORCH)

A

Toxoplasma
Other agents
Rubella virus
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes virus

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47
Q

Disorders characterized by Large platelets

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome
Gray platelet syndrome
MYH9 gene mutations

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48
Q

Disorders with Large platelets that are autosomal recessive

A

Bernard-soulier syndrome
Gray platelet syndrome

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49
Q

Disorders with Large platelets that is autosomal dominant

A

MYH9 gene mutation n

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50
Q

Examples of MYH9 gene mutations

A

Fechtner syndrome
Sebastian syndrome
Epstein syndrome
MHA

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51
Q

Shape of resting and circulating platelets

A

Biconcave or disk shaped

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52
Q

Shape of activated platelets

A

Spherical with pseudopods

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53
Q

On a wright’s stained smear, platelets appear

A

Lavender and granular

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54
Q

A general part of platelet cytoplasm that Is centrally located ; granular

A

Chromomere

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55
Q

A general part of platelet cytoplasm that peripherally located ; non granular

56
Q

Process by which megakaryocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cell

A

Megakaryocytopoiesis

57
Q

Aka Megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF)

A

THROMBOPOIETIN

58
Q

Major regulator of platelet production ; produced primarily by the liver ; 70,000 dalton molecule; possesses 23% homologous with erythropoietin

A

THROMBOPOIETIN

59
Q

Thrombopoietin receptor site present at all maturation stages (from BFU-meg to platelets)

60
Q

Stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis ; induces the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes ; induces thrombocytopoiesis

A

THROMBOPOIETIN

61
Q

Largest cells in the bone marrow ; measuring 3-160 um

A

Megakaryocyte

62
Q

Megakaryocyte size

63
Q

Has a multilobulated nucleus and abundant granular cytoplasm

A

Megakaryocyte

64
Q

_____ of all bone marrow cells

65
Q

______ megakaryocytes per 10x low power field

66
Q

Least mature progenitor ; participates in normal mitosis

A

Burst-forming unit (BFU-meg)

67
Q

2nd Megakaryocyte progenitor ; participates in normal mitosis

A

Colony-forming unit (CFU-meg)

68
Q

Most mature Megakaryocyte progenitor

A

Light density CFU (LD-CFU-MEG)

69
Q

Loses its capacity to divide ; performs endometriosis

A

LD-CFU-MEG

70
Q

BFU-MEG. CFU-MEG, LD-CFU-MEG resemble the

A

LYMPHOCYTES

71
Q

Stages wherein the observers are able to recognize the unique wright-stained morphology of the cells in the BM smears or H&E stained BM biopsy sections

A

Megakaryocyte precursors

72
Q

Least differentiated ; cannot be reliably distinguish from Myeloblasts or pronormoblasts in light microscopy

A

MK-1-Stage (Megakaryoblast)

73
Q

Begins to develop of its cytoplasmic ultrastructure (including alpha granules, dense granules, and the demarcation system)

A

MK-I-STAGE (megakaryoblast)

74
Q

Identified by the appearance of nuclear lobularity

A

MK-II stage (promegakaryocyte)

75
Q

Most abundant ; easily recognized at 10x magnification ; platelet shedding

A

MK-III stage (Megakaryocyte)

76
Q

One Megakaryocyte may shed _____ to ____ platelets

A

2000 - 4000

77
Q

Aka thrombopoiesis , thrombocytopoiesis

A

Platelet shedding

78
Q

Ultimately delineates individual platelets during thrombocytopoiesis

A

Demarcation system

79
Q

Studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry and molecular sequencing

A

Ultrastructure of the platelets

80
Q

Selectively permeable ; provides phospholipids that support platelet activation internally and plasma coagulation externally ; anchored within the membrane are glycoproteins and proteoglycans

A

Platelet plasma membrane

81
Q

Neutral phospholipid that are found in the outer, plasma layer

A

Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin

82
Q

A ionic or polar phospholipids

A

Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylserine

83
Q

An ionic or polar phospholipid that supports platelet activation by supplying arachindonic acid

A

Phosphatidylinositol

84
Q

An ionic or polar phospholipid that flips to the outer surface upon activation and is the charged phospholipid surface on which 2 coag pathway complexes assemble

A

Phosphatidylserine

85
Q

2 coagulation pathway complexes

A

Tenase complex
Prothrombinase complex

86
Q

Phospholipids found in the inner, cytoplasmic layer

A

Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylserine

87
Q

The platelet membrane surface ; unique to the platelet

A

Glycocalyx

88
Q

Absorbs albumin, fibrinogen, and other plasma proteins through endocytosis

A

Glycocalyx

89
Q

Glycoprotein with collagen, vitronectin, laminin, fibronectin as ligands

90
Q

Cell adhesion molecule (CAM) of the immunoglobulin gene family ; collagen as ligand

91
Q

Glycoprotein that is key collagen receptor

92
Q

Cell adhesion molecule of the leucine-rich repeat family

A

GP Ib/IX/V

93
Q

VWF specific site

A

GPIb alpha

94
Q

Deficiency of GPIb/IX/V complex

A

Bernard Soulier syndrome

95
Q

Key fibrinogen receptor

A

GP IIb/IIIa

96
Q

Deficiency of GPIIb/IIIa

A

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia

97
Q

Platelet STR (Seven Transmembrane Repeat) receptors

A

PAR 1
PAR 4
P2Y1
P2Y12
TPa abd TPb
Alpha2-andrenergic
IP

98
Q

PLATELET STR : thrombin as ligand

A

PAR 1 & PAR 4

99
Q

PLATELET STR : ADP as ligand

A

P2Y1 & P2Y12

100
Q

PLATELET STR : TXA2 as ligand

101
Q

PLATELET STR : Epinephrine (Adrenaline) as ligand

A

Alpha 2-adrenergic

102
Q

PLATELET STR : prostaglandin I2 (Prostacyclin) as ligand

103
Q

A low affinity receptor for the immunoglobulin Fc portion ( has a role in a perilous condition known as heparin induced thrombocytopenia)

A

FcyIIA (CD32)

104
Q

An integrin tht helps platelet binding to endothelial cells, WBCS and one another

A

P-selection (CD62)

105
Q

Found on the alpha granules membranes of the resting platelet but travels via the SCCS to the surface of activated platelets

A

P-selectin (CD62)

106
Q

Formed by tubulins

A

Microtubules

107
Q

Formed by actins

A

Microfilaments

108
Q

Connect with the actin and tubules maintaining platelet shape

A

Destin and vimentin

109
Q

Platelet granules tat flow through the surface-connected canalicular system

A

Alpha granules and lysosomes’ contents

110
Q

Platelet granules that travel to the plasma membrane

A

Dense granules

111
Q

Number of alpha granules in each platelet

112
Q

Stain medium gray (osmium-dye transmission electron microscopy preps)

A

Alpha granules

113
Q

As the platelets become activated, alpha granule membrane fuse with the _____

A

Surface-connected canalicular system (SCCS)

114
Q

Alpha granules proteins (not in the cytoplasm) that inhibit heparin

A

B-thromboglobulin
Platelet factor 4

115
Q

Alpha granules proteins (not in the cytoplasm) that support mitosis of vascular fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

A

EGF
PDGF
Transforming growth factor B

116
Q

OTHERS : Alpha granules (not in the cytoplasm)

117
Q

Proteins in alpha granules and platelet cytoplasm

A

Fibrinogen
VWF
Factor V

118
Q

Protein present alpha granules membrane

A

P-selectin

119
Q

Number of dense granules per platelet

120
Q

Stain black opaque when treated with osmium in transmission electron microscopy

A

Dense granules

121
Q

They migrate to the plasma membrane and release their contents directly into the plasma

A

Dense granules

122
Q

These granules are vasoconstrictors and platelets agonists that intensify primary hemostasis

A

Dense granules

123
Q

A substance which initiates a response when combined with a receptor

124
Q

Supports neighboring platelet aggregation by binding to P2Y1 and PY12

125
Q

Function unknown, but it is detectable upon platelet activation

126
Q

Vasoconstrictor that binds endothelial cells and platelet membranes

A

Serotonin (5-hydoxytryptamine/5-HT)

127
Q

Divalent cations support platelet activation and coagulation

A

Calcium and magnesium

128
Q

Glycocalyx is _____ developed in the SCCS and ___ some of the glycoprotein receptors present in the platelet surface

A

Less ; lacks

129
Q

SCCS is the route for

A

Endocytosis
Secretion of alpha granule contents
Secretion of lysosome contents

130
Q

A tubular system that acts as a control center

A

Dense tubular system

131
Q

Sequester calcium and bears a series of enzymes that support platelet activation

A

Dense tubular system

132
Q

These series of enzymes produced by the dense tubular system that support the eicosanoid synthesis pathway

A

Phospholipase A2
Cyclooxygenase
Thromboxane A2

133
Q

Thromboxane A2 is produced by what pathway

A

Eicosanoid pathway

134
Q

Supports production of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diary glycerol (DAG)

A

PHOSPHOLIPASE C

135
Q

AKA acetyl salicylic acid

136
Q

Most frequently used anti platelet therapy ; Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

137
Q

Aspirin ingestion blocks the synthesis of

HEMATOLOGY 2 (7 decks)

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