Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Community medicine > Primary healthcare > Flashcards

Primary healthcare Flashcards

1
Q

What are the commitments of the new Astana declaration for primary healthcare?

A
  1. Make bold political choices for health across all sectors (i.e. continue to promote multisectoral action)
  2. Build sustainable primary healthcare (i.e. share research and knowledge to improve the efficiency of and innovate PHC)
  3. Empower individuals and communities (through community involvement and public participation and education)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define

Community

A

A group of people living in the same place or having particular characteristics in common (e.g. geography, interests, experiences, values)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define

Community medicine

A

The science and art of promoting health, preventing diseases and prolonging life by a range of interventions (promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative) in close partnership or association with the healthcare delivery system and with active community participation and intersectoral coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the primary objective of community medicine?

A

Prevention of disease and promotion of health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who can be a provider of services in community medicine?

A
  • Physician
  • Advanced practice nurse
  • Physician’s assistant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the core subjects of community medicine?

A
  • Epidemiology
  • Biostatistics
  • Public health nutrition
  • Healthcare delivery system (including PHC)
  • The social, behavioral, environmental, and management sciences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the latest definition of health?

A

A dynamic state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why can’t health be defined as a state?

A

It is everchanging and dynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the dimensions of health?

A
  • Physical
  • Mental
  • Emotional
  • Social
  • Spiritual
  • Environmental
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the domains of health status?

A
  • Genetic makeup
  • Social circumstances (e.g. education, income, poverty)
  • Environmental conditions (e.g. toxic or microbial conditions)
  • Behavioral choices (e.g. diet, physical activity, substance abuse)
  • Availability of quality medical care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the physical dimension of health comprise?

A
  • Perfect body function
  • Physical fitness
  • Activities of daily living (ADL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the mental dimension of health comprise?

A
  • Ability to think clearly and reason objectively
  • Freedom from internal conflict
  • Self awareness
  • Good self control
  • Coping with stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the emotional dimension of health comprise?

A
  • Self efficacy
  • Self esteem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the social dimension of health comprise?

A

Having satisfying relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the spiritual dimension of health comprise?

A

The feeling of being part of a greater spectrum of existence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the environmental dimension of health comprise?

A

Appreciation of the external environment and one’s role in caring for it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the concept of a “spectrum of health” entail?

A
  • Health is a dynamic phenomenon subject to repeated, fine variations
  • Transition from optimum health to illness is gradual
  • Where one state ends and the other begins is subjective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the sequential stages of the spectrum of health?

(From best to worst)

A
  • Positive health
  • Better health
  • Freedom from disease
  • Unrecognized disease
  • Mild disease
  • Severe disease
  • Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define

Social determinants of health (SDOH)

A

The conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, as well as the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the domains of the social determinants of health?

A
  • Economic stability
  • Education access and quality
  • Healthcare access and quality
  • Neighborhood and built environment
  • Social and community context
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is economic stability important to health?

A

People with steady employment are less likely to live in poverty and more likely to be healthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is education access and quality important to health?

A

People with higher levels of education are more likely to be healthy and live longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is healthcare access and quality important to health?

A
  • People without insurance are less likely to have a PHC provider and may not be able to access the health and medications they need
  • Strategies to increase insurance coverage rates are critical for making sure more people get important healthcare services
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are neighborhood and built environment important to health?

A
  • Many people live in neighborhoods with high rates of violence, unsafe air or water, and other risks
  • Racial/ethnic minorities and people with low incomes are more likely to live in places with these risks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is the social and community context important to health?

A

People’s relationships and interactions with family, friends, coworkers, and community members can have a major impact on their health and well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When and where was the International Conference on Primary Health Care at Alma Ata held?

A

September 6–12, 1978
Alma Ata, Kazakh SSR, USSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What was the main outcome of the Alma Ata Declaration?

A

Urgent action by all governments, health and development workers, and the world community to protect and promote health for all by 2000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What were the posits upon which the Alma Ata Declaration was built?

A
  • Health is a fundamental human right and the attainment of it is the most important worldwide social goal
  • The existing inequality in the health status of people, particularly between developed and eveloping countries is politically, socially, and economically unacceptable
  • People have the right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the planning and implementation of healthcare
  • Governments take responsibility for the health of their people, which can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health and social measures
  • All governments should formulate national policies, strategies, and plans of action to launch and sustain PHC
  • All countries should cooperate in a spirit of partnership and service to ensure PHC for all people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When and where was the Astana International Conference held?

A

October 25, 2018
Astana, Kazakhstan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What was the rationale for holding the Astana International Conference?

A
  • Progress towards fulfilling the Alma Ata Declaration was uneven
  • At least half the world’s population lacks access to essential health services
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the levels of healthcare?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the primary level of healthcare?

A
  • The tier of healthcare services that first comes into contact with a patient
  • Mainly responsible for preventive healthcare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the secondary level of healthcare?

A
  • The tier to which patients with various abnormalities are referred
  • Provides patients with curative healthcare facilities
34
Q

What is the tertiary level of healthcare?

A
  • The tier to which patients are referred when there are not enough facilities or specialized healthcare services to manage them
  • Provides patients with more advanced curative healthcare facilities
35
Q

Define

Primary healthcare

A
  • Essential healthcare that is
    • socially appropriate,
    • universally accessible,
    • scientifically sound first level care,
  • provided by a suitably trained workforce,
  • supported by integrated referral systems,
  • in a way that gives priority to those most in need,
  • maximizes community and individual self-reliance and participation, and
  • involves collaboration with other sectors
36
Q

What services does PHC encompass?

A
  • Health promotion
  • Illness prevention
  • Care for the sick
  • Advocacy
  • Community development
37
Q

What kinds of health issues/conditions are treated by PHC systems, and how are these cases managed?

A
  • Short-term health issues are resolved
  • Chronic health conditions are managed
  • Patients in need of more specialized services are connected with care
  • Health promotion and education efforts are undertaken
38
Q

What are the functions of PHC?

A
  • Providing continuous and comprehensive care
  • Referring to specialists and or/hospital services
  • Coordinating health services for the patient
  • Guiding the patient within the network of social welfare and public health services
  • Providing the best possible health and social services within economic considerations
39
Q

What are the principles of PHC?

A
  • Social equity
  • Nation-wide coverage
  • Self-reliance
  • Intersectoral coordination
  • People’s involvement in the planning and implementation of health programs
40
Q

What are the elements/core activities of PHC, according to the Alma Ata conference?

A
  • Education concerning prevailing health problems and how to prevent and control them
  • Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
  • An adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
  • Maternal and child healthcare, including family planning
  • Immunization against major infectious diseases
  • Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
  • Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
  • Basic laboratory services and provision of essential drugs
  • Training of health guides, health workers, and health assistants
  • Referral services
  • Mental health
  • Physical handicaps
  • Health and social care of the elderly
41
Q

What are the basic requirements for sound PHC?

A

8 A’s

  • Appropriateness
  • Availability
  • Adequacy
  • Accessibility
  • Acceptability
  • Affordability
  • Assessability
  • Accountability

3 C’s

  • Completeness
  • Comprehensiveness
  • Continuity
42
Q

What does appropriateness refer to in the requirements of PHC?

A
  • Whether the service is needed in relation to essential human needs, priorities, and policies
  • The service has to be properly selected and carried out by trained personnel in the proper way
43
Q

What does adequacy refer to in the requirements of PHC?

A
  • The service must be given proportionately to the requirement
  • Sufficient volume of care to meet the needs and demands of the community
44
Q

What does affordability refer to in the requirements of PHC?

A

The cost should be within the means and resources of the individual and the country

45
Q

What does accessibility refer to in the requirements of PHC?

A
  • Reachable, convenient services
  • Geographic, economic, and cultural accessibility
46
Q

What does acceptability refer to in the requirements of PHC?

A
  • Satisfactory communication between the providers and the patients
  • Whether the patients trust the healthcare
  • Whether the patients believe in the confidentiality and privacy of information shared with the providers
47
Q

What does availability refer to in the requirements of PHC?

A

Care can be obtained whenever people need it

48
Q

What does assessability refer to in the requirements of PHC?

A

The medical care can be readily evaluated

49
Q

What does accountability refer to in the requirements of PHC?

A

The feasibility of regular review of financial records by certified public accountants

50
Q

What does completeness refer to in the requirements of PHC?

A

Adequate attention to all aspects of a medical problem, including prevention, early detection, diagnosis, treatment, follow up measures, and rehabilitation

51
Q

What does comprehensiveness refer to in the requirements of PHC?

A

Care is provided for all types of health problems

52
Q

What does continuity refer to in the requirements of PHC?

A

The management of a patient’s care over time is coordinated between providers

53
Q

Match the following concepts of medicine with their PHC equivalents

  • Treatment
  • Illness
  • Cure
  • Episodic care
  • Specific problems
  • Individual practitioners
  • Health sector involvement only
  • Dominance of professionals
  • Passive reception
A
  • Health promotion
  • Health
  • Prevention, care, and cure
  • Continuous care
  • Comprehensive care
  • Teams of practitioners
  • Intersectoral collaboration
  • Community participation
  • Joint responsibility
54
Q

What are the components of a PHC team?

A
  • Family health services
  • Community health services
  • Counseling social workers, psychologists, and psychotherapists
  • Reception attendants, secretaries, and other administrative positions
55
Q

What are the services encompassed by family health services?

A
  • General practitioners
  • Dental practitioners
  • Pharmacists
  • Opticians
56
Q

What are the services encompassed by community health services?

A
  • Community doctors
  • Dentists
  • Nurses, midwives, and health visitors
  • Other allied professions such as podiatrists and physiotherapists
57
Q

What are the essential characteristics of teamwork?

A
  • Team members share a common purpose which unites them and guides their actions
  • Each team member has a clear understanding of their own functions and recognizes common interests
  • The team functions by pooling knowledge, skills, and responsibilities
  • All members share responsibility for the outcome
58
Q

What is the life expectancy at birth in Jordan (overall and by sex) in 2023, according to the Higher Population Council?

A
  • Overall: 73.3
  • Males: 72.3
  • Females: 75.1
59
Q

What is the most recent statistic on infant mortality rate in Jordan?

A

14 per 1000 live births (2017)

60
Q

Define

Infant mortality

A

The probability of dying between birth and the child’s first birthday

61
Q

What is the most recent statistic on growth rate in Jordan?

A

2.3%, with a doubling time of 29 years (2017)

62
Q

What is the most recent statistic on total fertility rate in Jordan?

A

2.7 (2017)

63
Q

Define

Fertility rate

A

The average number of live births borne by one woman while being of child-bearing age

64
Q

What are the demographic changes occurring in Jordan?

A
  • Rapid growth, doubling in the last 20 years and likely to double again in 29 years
  • Demographic transition from high fertility and mortality to low fertility and mortality
65
Q

How does Jordan manage its high growth rate?

A
  • The Ministry of Health provides free family planning services through its maternal and child health centers
  • The Jordan Association of Family Planning and Protection (JAFPP) and nongovernmental organizations also invest in family planning
66
Q

What were the top 3 causes of death globally in 2019?

A
  1. Ischemic heart disease
  2. Stroke
  3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
67
Q

What were the top 3 causes of death overall in Jordan in 2016?

A
  1. Diseases of the circulatory system
  2. Neoplasms
  3. External causes of mortality
68
Q

What were the top 3 causes of death for males in Jordan in 2016?

A
  1. Diseases of the circulatory system
  2. Neoplasms
  3. External causes of mortality
69
Q

What were the top 3 causes of death for females in Jordan in 2016?

A
  1. Diseases of the circulatory system
  2. Neoplasms
  3. Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases
70
Q

What are the achievements of the Primary Healthcare Initiatives Project in Jordan?

A
  • 380 PHC clinics
  • Renovation and provision of furniture and specialized medical equipment
  • Clinical training for service providers
  • Establishing performance improvement review systems
  • Improving the information management system
71
Q

What is the main goal of health education?

A

Improving the quality of life of the individual and community in all aspects—health, social, economic, and political—taking into consideration that health is a state of complete physical, psychological, and social wellbeing and not the mere absence of disease

72
Q

Who are health educators?

A
  • Specialists: people who are especially trained to perform health education
  • Any health worker who is concerned with helping people to improve their health knowledge and skills
  • Any person in the community, e.g. teachers, mothers
73
Q

How is health education practiced in Jordan?

A
  • The health education division of the Ministry of Health was promoted to a full directorate, where qualified experts develop HE plans based on priorities, community needs, and information collected from different sources
  • A traditional and limited approach is taken, whereby people are made to suit the environment, rather than improving the environment and making it healthier
74
Q

What are the approaches of health education?

A
  • Medical approach
  • Educational approach
  • Change in behavior approach
  • Individual-centered approach
  • Change in society approach
75
Q

What is the medical approach of health education?

A

Medical interventions to prevent ill health, using a persuasive method and expecting patients to comply with the recommended intervention

76
Q

What is the educational approach of health education?

A

Provides information and helps people to explore their values and make their own decisions

77
Q

What is the change in behavior approach of health education?

A

Changing people’s attitudes so that they adopt healthy lifestyles. This approach can be applied using locally available methods and the media, e.g. leaflets, posters

78
Q

What is the individual-centered approach of health education?

A

The individual has a right to control their own health, so they should be helped to identify concerns and gain the knowledge needed to make changes happen

79
Q

What is the change in society approach of health education?

A

Changing the society rather than the individual by putting health on the political agenda at all levels and by shaping the environment so that it becomes conducive to health

80
Q

Who are the target groups of health education programs?

A
  • Women: as they have the role of raising children and teaching them practices like personal hygiene and healthy nutrition. Women must also be aware of basic preventive health services, e.g. antenatal care, well baby clinic
  • Children: any concept learned in childhood will affect behvaior in adulthood
  • Elderly
81
Q

What is the estimated percentage of all health needs that can be met by PHC facilities?

A

90%

82
Q

What are the elements of the “tripod of neglect” in PHC intersectoral collaboration?

A
  • PHC per se is not on the agenda of non-health sectors
  • Lack of practical initiatives from the health sector towards intersectoral collaboration
  • Non-health PHC strategies are outside the statutory control of the health sector

Community medicine (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions