Preventive care Flashcards
What is preventive care?
medical care that focuses on disease prevention:
What are the 3 types of preventive care?
- Primary - intervening before health effects occur (I.e., vaccines, screenings (with negative results), diet, exercise)
- Secondary - screening to identify diseases in the earliest stages, BEFORE the onset of symptoms
- Tertiary - managing disease post diagnosis to SLOW or STOP disease progression (I.e. Tx)
What is health maintenance?
aka preventive medicine (screenings and vaccinations)
- Guiding principle that emphasizes HEALTH PROMOTION & DISEASE PREVENTION rather than the management of symptoms & illness
What is health literacy?
Degree to which individuals (patients) have the capacity to obtain, process, & understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions and services needed to prevent or treat illness
What are the 5 components of a preventive care visit?
- Risk factor identification based on personal and family health history
- Age and gender-specific screening
- Appropriate laboratory and diagnostic screening tests
- Health education and counseling
- Assess immunization status & administer immunizations as appropriate
What is a key purpose in obtaining a patient’s personal medical history?
to identify what conditions the patient is at risk for and the screening measures appropriate for those conditions
What would approaching patient’s PMH in a non-judgmental, professional, matter-of-fact manner do?
enhance patient disclosure of sensitive information - get a better PMH as a result
What needs to be documented in regards to a patient’s exercise?
- Document the TYPE of activity, FREQUENCY, and DURATION (lack of exercise/sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for heart disease and stroke)
- Recognize excessive exercise syndromes - in women it may manifest as a triad of symptoms: disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. May result in premature osteoporotic fractures due to permanent loss of bone mineral density.
- If the patient exercises, inquire about the history of exercise-induced symptoms such as syncope, chest pain, difficulty breathing, anaphylaxis, or urticaria. Syncope is more ominous if it occurs during exercise than during the post-exertional state and always requires investigation because may be only symptom to precede sudden cardiac death
- Also document whether there is any use of performance enhancing drugs or supplements
What is the CDC exercise recommendation for preschool aged children (3-5 years)?
Physical activity every day throughout the day
- Active play through a variety of enjoyable physical activities
What is the CDC exercise recommendation for children and adolescents (6-17 years)?
60 minutes (1 hour) or more of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity daily
A variety of enjoyable physical activities
As part of the 60 minutes, on at least 3 days a week, children and adolescents need:
- Vigorous activity such as running or soccer
- Activity that strengthens muscles such as climbing or push ups
- Activity that strengthens bones such as gymnastics or jumping rope
What is the CDC exercise recommendation for adults (18-64 years)?
At least 150 minutes a week of moderate intensity activity such as brisk walking
At least 2 days a week of activities that strengthen muscles
What is the CDC exercise recommendation for older adults (65+)?
At least 150 minutes a week of moderate intensity activity such as brisk walking
At least 2 days a week of activities that strengthens muscles
Activities to improve balance such as standing on one foot (prevent falls)
How do you assess a patient’s diet and nutrition?
Assess by asking a typical day’s food intake (avoiding the word “diet” - may be taken wrong). Include number of meals per day and what is being eaten. If the patient follows a specific diet (vegan, vegetarian, low carb, etc.) assess for nutritional deficiencies
What is the goal in obtaining a nutritional history?
To identify dietary deficiencies or excesses and educating the patient about how to improve their nutritional status
What needs to be documented regarding a patient’s diet and nutrition?
- Document the use of vitamins and supplements
- Document the amount of WATER and other beverages consumed. QUANITY OF CAFFEINE consumed per day should be documented in standard units of measure (I.e., cups of coffee)
- also how many meals per day and what is being eaten, if on a specific diet, and the use of vitamins and supplements
T/F Even individuals who consume a balanced diet need to take vitamins and supplements.
F - most individuals who consume a balanced diet DO NOT NEED to take vitamin supplements
Calculating total energy expenditure for recommended daily caloric intake is based on what?
age, sex, weights and activity level
What should caloric intake be proportioned on?
Should be proportioned among the 3 macronutrients: proteins, carbs, and fats
What are macronutrients?
the chemical compounds consumed in the largest quantities and provide bulk energy
What are micronutrients?
required in small amounts and include several minerals and vitamins
The recommended sodium intake is ____ per day
<100 mEq (2.3 g of sodium or 6 g of sodium chloride)
Low sodium intake is associated with _______
decreased risk of CV events, including death
What are the 4 main food groups?
- Fruits/veggies
- Grains
- Dairy products
- Protein-rich foods
What is the goal number of servings of fruits and/or vegetables daily?
5 servings of fruit and/or vegetables daily
