Phys L1B1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is physiology?
A
study of the functions of an organism and its constituent parts
2
Q
subdiscipline of physiology, study of the functions of individual molecules, such as proteins
A
molecular physiology
3
Q
subdiscipline of physiology, study of the functions of cells
A
cellular physiology
4
Q
subdiscipline of physiology; study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions
A
endocrinology
5
Q
subdiscipline of physiology; study of the functions of the nervous system
A
neurophysiology
6
Q
subdiscipline of physiology; study of functions of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
A
cardiovascular physiology
7
Q
subdiscipline of physiology; study of how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents
A
immunoloy
8
Q
subdiscipline of physiology; study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs
A
respiratory physiology
9
Q
subdiscipline of physiology; study of the functions of the kidneys
A
renal physiology
10
Q
subdiscipline of physiology; study of the functions of the stomach and intestines
A
gastrointestinal physiology
11
Q
subdiscipline of physiology; study of how different parts of the body work together to accomplish a particular function
A
integrative physiology
12
Q
subdiscipline of physiology; study of changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity
A
exercise physiology
13
Q
subdiscipline of physiology; study of disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury
A
pathophysiology
14
Q
List the 6 levels of organization of the body.
A
- Chemical level - atoms and molecules
- Cellular level - molecules combine to form cells - the basic structural and functional units of an organism and are the smallest units capable of performing all life processes
- Tissue level - group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function
- Organ level - organ is a structure composed of 2 or more different types of tissue, has a specific function and usually has a recognizable shape
- System level - consists of related organs with a common function (I.e., digestive system)
- Organismal level - any living individual; the totality of all its organ systems functioning together to maintain life
15
Q
level of organization consisting of atoms and molecules
A
cellular level
16
Q
molecules combine to form _____ which makes up the ______
A
cells; cellular level
17
Q
basic structural and functional units of an organism
A
cell
18
Q
smallest units capable of performing all life processes
A
cell
19
Q
level of organization in which a group of similar cells work together for a common function
A
tissue level
20
Q
level of organization consisting of a structure composed of 2 or more different types of tissue, has a specific function, and usually has a recognizable shape
A
organ level
21
Q
level of organization which consists of related organs with a common function
A
system level
22
Q
level of organization pertaining to the totality of all the organ systems functioning together to maintain life; any living individual
A
organismal level
23
Q
smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
A
atoms
24
Q
atoms essential for maintaining life:
A
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorous
- Calcium
- Sulfur
25
2 common molecules found in the body
nucleic acids & amino acids
26
nucleic acids combine to form _____
DNA
27
amino acids combine to form ______
proteins
28
List the 4 basic types of tissues in the body:
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous
29
Generates action potentials to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body's external and internal environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
nervous system
30
produces body movements, stabilizes body position (posture), generates heat
muscular system
31
supports and protects the body; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells
skeletal system
32
regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from a gland or tissue to a target organ
endocrine system
33
heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries CO2 and other wastes away from cells
cardiovascular system
34
defends body against microbes and other foreign substances
immune system
35
drains excess interstitial fluid; returns filtered plasma proteins back to the blood; carries out immune responses; transports dietary lipids
lymphatic system
36
protects body from external environment; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes
integumentary
37
transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
respiratory
38
eliminates wastes and excess substances in urine; regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluid
urinary system
39
achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
digestive system
40
gonads produce gametes (sperm or eggs) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also secrete hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes
reproductive
41
What property is represented by Aristotle's quote, "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts"?
integration/emergent properties
42
What are emergent properties?
properties present in a level of organization that were not present in the levels below;
43
How are emergent properties created?
by the interactions of the components of the lower levels - components combine to form next level which cause new properties to emerge
44
emotions, thoughts, memories and intelligence that are present at the organ level in the brain but not present in any of the lower levels are examples of what?
emergent properties
45
tissues emerge from ____
cells
46
cells emerge from ____
molecules
47
molecules emerge from ____
atoms
48
atoms emerge from ____
subatomic particles
49
organisms emerge from ___
systems
50
systems emerge from ____
organs
51
process by which several components work together for a common, unified purpose
integration
52
_______ are examples of integration
emergent properties
53
How are emergent properties and integration related?
interactions of the simpler components from the lower levels of organization give rise to emergent properties
54
T
T/F Integration occurs in all levels of organization of the body.
55
Identify the 6 important life processes of the human body:
1. Metabolism - catabolism and anabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
56
the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment
homeostasis
57
What are some examples of regulated parameters which homeostasis maintains?
temperature, blood pressure, pH, & concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl+, Ca2+, O2, glucose, etc.
58
breakdown of glucose + O2 into CO2, H2O and ATP is an example of what process?
catabolism
59
multiple amino acids forming a protein is an example of what process?
anabolism
60
sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
metabolism
61
breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
catabolism
62
the formation of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
anabolism
63
precursor cells which divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
stem cells
64
dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them
body fluids
65
in a lean adult, body fluids make up about _____ of total body mass
55-60%
66
What types of fluid comprise body fluid?
Intracellular and extracellular fluid
67
What types of fluid comprise extracellular fluid?
blood plasma and interstitial fluid
68
___ of body is composed of intracellular fluid
2/3
69
_____ of body is composed of extracellular fluid
1/3
70
____ of the extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid
4/5
71
____ of the extracellular fluid is blood plasma
1/5
72
____% of mass is H2O in a 70 kg lean male
60%
73
1 L of H2O weighs ____
1 kg
74
Which systems are continuous with the external environment?
Respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems
75
Systems continuous with external environment are all lined with _____
epithelial cells
76
Examples of nutrients:
water and oxygen
77
Wastes:
CO2, nitrogenous wastes, excess H2O, solid wastes
78
What serves as the body's internal environment?
extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid and blood plasma) because it surrounds the cells of the body
79
What serves as the body's external environment?
the space that surrounds the entire body
80
List and describe the components of a feedback system?
1. Stimulus - disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a controlled variable (can be from external or internal environment, stress related, etc.)
2. controlled variable - monitored parameter (blood pressure, blood glucose, temperature, blood pH, blood oxygen levels etc.)
3. *receptors - monitors controlled variable and sends input (action potentials or signals) to the control center
4. *control center - determines narrow range/set point in which a controlled variable should be maintained, receives and evaluates input from receptors, and generates output (action potentials, chemical signals, or hormones) as needed
5. *effectors - receives output command from control center and produces a response to change the controlled variable
6. response - alters controlled variable and homeostasis is returned when response brings controlled variable back to normal
81
produces a response that changes the controlled variable in a feedback loop/cycle
effector
82
T/F Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector
T
83
In many cases, the effector in a feedback system is a ____ or ____
muscle or gland
84
What is the difference between a negative and positive feedback system?
Negative - reverses changes in controlled variable
Positive - strengthens/reinforces a change in controlled variables
85
What are most controlled variables in the body regulated by?
negative feedback systems
86
What are examples of a positive feedback system?
labor and blood clotting
87
What triggers the positive feedback system to stop?
interruption of the cycle - I.e., birth of the baby decreases stretching of the cervix, thus breaking the positive feedback cycle
88
What is the stimulus and controlled variable associated with labor?
Stimulus: contractions of wall of uterus forcing baby's head or body into the cervix
Controlled variable: increased stretching of cervix
89
What are the receptors during positive feedback due to labor?
stretch sensitive nerve cells in the cerivix
90
What is the output of the brain (control center) due to stretching of the cervix during labor?
releases oxytocin
91
What serves as the effectors during labor?
muscles in the wall of the uteruss
92
What is the response generated from a positive feedback system for labor?
more forceful contractions forcing the baby's body to stretch the cervix more
93
What does increased stretching of the cervix cause during labor?
release of more oxytocin resulting in more stretching of the cervix until the baby is born and no longer is stretching the cervix
94
Maintenance of homeostasis = ?
health
95
Homeostatic imbalances = ?
possible disorders, diseases, or even deaths
96
What is a disorder?
abnormality of structure or function
97
What is a disease?
illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
98
What are signs?
objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure
99
What are symptoms?
subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
100
What are the 4 key themes in physiology?
1. Homeostasis
2. Integration
3. Mechanism of action
4. Communication - cells must communicate with each other to facilitate proper body function
101
What is "mechanism of action"?
a key theme in physiology; describes how a physiological event occurs using cause-and-effect sequences (occurs at multiple levels of organization: organ, tissue, cellular, molecular)
102
What are 3 substances which serve as communicators in physiology?
1. hormones
2. neurotransmitters
3. local mediators
103
What are hormones?
chemical messenger acting at a distance via blood circulation (slow)
104
What are neurotransmitters?
chemical released by a neuron to affect another neuron or muscle cell
105
What are local mediators?
chemical messenger acting in the neighborhood
106
How is feedforward control different from feedback systems?
Feedback systems occur in response to a change in a controlled variable
Feedforward control consist of events which occur in anticipation of a change in a controlled variable (I.e., you feel hunger due to low nutrient concentration in internal environment which causes you to salivate and secrete gastric juice if you smell or think of food at this time preparing the digestive system for food)
