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Medical Communications > Phys L1B1 > Flashcards

Phys L1B1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is physiology?

A

study of the functions of an organism and its constituent parts

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2
Q

subdiscipline of physiology, study of the functions of individual molecules, such as proteins

A

molecular physiology

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3
Q

subdiscipline of physiology, study of the functions of cells

A

cellular physiology

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4
Q

subdiscipline of physiology; study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions

A

endocrinology

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5
Q

subdiscipline of physiology; study of the functions of the nervous system

A

neurophysiology

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6
Q

subdiscipline of physiology; study of functions of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

A

cardiovascular physiology

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7
Q

subdiscipline of physiology; study of how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents

A

immunoloy

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8
Q

subdiscipline of physiology; study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs

A

respiratory physiology

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9
Q

subdiscipline of physiology; study of the functions of the kidneys

A

renal physiology

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10
Q

subdiscipline of physiology; study of the functions of the stomach and intestines

A

gastrointestinal physiology

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11
Q

subdiscipline of physiology; study of how different parts of the body work together to accomplish a particular function

A

integrative physiology

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12
Q

subdiscipline of physiology; study of changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity

A

exercise physiology

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13
Q

subdiscipline of physiology; study of disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury

A

pathophysiology

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14
Q

List the 6 levels of organization of the body.

A
  1. Chemical level - atoms and molecules
  2. Cellular level - molecules combine to form cells - the basic structural and functional units of an organism and are the smallest units capable of performing all life processes
  3. Tissue level - group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function
  4. Organ level - organ is a structure composed of 2 or more different types of tissue, has a specific function and usually has a recognizable shape
  5. System level - consists of related organs with a common function (I.e., digestive system)
  6. Organismal level - any living individual; the totality of all its organ systems functioning together to maintain life
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15
Q

level of organization consisting of atoms and molecules

A

cellular level

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16
Q

molecules combine to form _____ which makes up the ______

A

cells; cellular level

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17
Q

basic structural and functional units of an organism

A

cell

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18
Q

smallest units capable of performing all life processes

A

cell

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19
Q

level of organization in which a group of similar cells work together for a common function

A

tissue level

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20
Q

level of organization consisting of a structure composed of 2 or more different types of tissue, has a specific function, and usually has a recognizable shape

A

organ level

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21
Q

level of organization which consists of related organs with a common function

A

system level

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22
Q

level of organization pertaining to the totality of all the organ systems functioning together to maintain life; any living individual

A

organismal level

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23
Q

smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions

A

atoms

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24
Q

atoms essential for maintaining life:

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Nitrogen
  5. Phosphorous
  6. Calcium
  7. Sulfur
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25
Q

2 common molecules found in the body

A

nucleic acids & amino acids

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26
Q

nucleic acids combine to form _____

A

DNA

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27
Q

amino acids combine to form ______

A

proteins

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28
Q

List the 4 basic types of tissues in the body:

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
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29
Q

Generates action potentials to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body’s external and internal environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

A

nervous system

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30
Q

produces body movements, stabilizes body position (posture), generates heat

A

muscular system

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31
Q

supports and protects the body; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells

A

skeletal system

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32
Q

regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from a gland or tissue to a target organ

A

endocrine system

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33
Q

heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries CO2 and other wastes away from cells

A

cardiovascular system

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34
Q

defends body against microbes and other foreign substances

A

immune system

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35
Q

drains excess interstitial fluid; returns filtered plasma proteins back to the blood; carries out immune responses; transports dietary lipids

A

lymphatic system

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36
Q

protects body from external environment; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes

A

integumentary

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37
Q

transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids

A

respiratory

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38
Q

eliminates wastes and excess substances in urine; regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluid

A

urinary system

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39
Q

achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes

A

digestive system

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40
Q

gonads produce gametes (sperm or eggs) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also secrete hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes

A

reproductive

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41
Q

What property is represented by Aristotle’s quote, “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts”?

A

integration/emergent properties

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42
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

properties present in a level of organization that were not present in the levels below;

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43
Q

How are emergent properties created?

A

by the interactions of the components of the lower levels - components combine to form next level which cause new properties to emerge

44
Q

emotions, thoughts, memories and intelligence that are present at the organ level in the brain but not present in any of the lower levels are examples of what?

A

emergent properties

45
Q

tissues emerge from ____

A

cells

46
Q

cells emerge from ____

A

molecules

47
Q

molecules emerge from ____

A

atoms

48
Q

atoms emerge from ____

A

subatomic particles

49
Q

organisms emerge from ___

A

systems

50
Q

systems emerge from ____

A

organs

51
Q

process by which several components work together for a common, unified purpose

A

integration

52
Q

_______ are examples of integration

A

emergent properties

53
Q

How are emergent properties and integration related?

A

interactions of the simpler components from the lower levels of organization give rise to emergent properties

54
Q

T

A

T/F Integration occurs in all levels of organization of the body.

55
Q

Identify the 6 important life processes of the human body:

A
  1. Metabolism - catabolism and anabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
56
Q

the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment

A

homeostasis

57
Q

What are some examples of regulated parameters which homeostasis maintains?

A

temperature, blood pressure, pH, & concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl+, Ca2+, O2, glucose, etc.

58
Q

breakdown of glucose + O2 into CO2, H2O and ATP is an example of what process?

A

catabolism

59
Q

multiple amino acids forming a protein is an example of what process?

A

anabolism

60
Q

sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

A

metabolism

61
Q

breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

A

catabolism

62
Q

the formation of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

A

anabolism

63
Q

precursor cells which divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

A

stem cells

64
Q

dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them

A

body fluids

65
Q

in a lean adult, body fluids make up about _____ of total body mass

A

55-60%

66
Q

What types of fluid comprise body fluid?

A

Intracellular and extracellular fluid

67
Q

What types of fluid comprise extracellular fluid?

A

blood plasma and interstitial fluid

68
Q

___ of body is composed of intracellular fluid

A

2/3

69
Q

_____ of body is composed of extracellular fluid

A

1/3

70
Q

____ of the extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid

A

4/5

71
Q

____ of the extracellular fluid is blood plasma

A

1/5

72
Q

____% of mass is H2O in a 70 kg lean male

A

60%

73
Q

1 L of H2O weighs ____

A

1 kg

74
Q

Which systems are continuous with the external environment?

A

Respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems

75
Q

Systems continuous with external environment are all lined with _____

A

epithelial cells

76
Q

Examples of nutrients:

A

water and oxygen

77
Q

Wastes:

A

CO2, nitrogenous wastes, excess H2O, solid wastes

78
Q

What serves as the body’s internal environment?

A

extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid and blood plasma) because it surrounds the cells of the body

79
Q

What serves as the body’s external environment?

A

the space that surrounds the entire body

80
Q

List and describe the components of a feedback system?

A
  1. Stimulus - disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a controlled variable (can be from external or internal environment, stress related, etc.)
  2. controlled variable - monitored parameter (blood pressure, blood glucose, temperature, blood pH, blood oxygen levels etc.)
  3. *receptors - monitors controlled variable and sends input (action potentials or signals) to the control center
  4. *control center - determines narrow range/set point in which a controlled variable should be maintained, receives and evaluates input from receptors, and generates output (action potentials, chemical signals, or hormones) as needed
  5. *effectors - receives output command from control center and produces a response to change the controlled variable
  6. response - alters controlled variable and homeostasis is returned when response brings controlled variable back to normal
81
Q

produces a response that changes the controlled variable in a feedback loop/cycle

A

effector

82
Q

T/F Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector

A

T

83
Q

In many cases, the effector in a feedback system is a ____ or ____

A

muscle or gland

84
Q

What is the difference between a negative and positive feedback system?

A

Negative - reverses changes in controlled variable
Positive - strengthens/reinforces a change in controlled variables

85
Q

What are most controlled variables in the body regulated by?

A

negative feedback systems

86
Q

What are examples of a positive feedback system?

A

labor and blood clotting

87
Q

What triggers the positive feedback system to stop?

A

interruption of the cycle - I.e., birth of the baby decreases stretching of the cervix, thus breaking the positive feedback cycle

88
Q

What is the stimulus and controlled variable associated with labor?

A

Stimulus: contractions of wall of uterus forcing baby’s head or body into the cervix
Controlled variable: increased stretching of cervix

89
Q

What are the receptors during positive feedback due to labor?

A

stretch sensitive nerve cells in the cerivix

90
Q

What is the output of the brain (control center) due to stretching of the cervix during labor?

A

releases oxytocin

91
Q

What serves as the effectors during labor?

A

muscles in the wall of the uteruss

92
Q

What is the response generated from a positive feedback system for labor?

A

more forceful contractions forcing the baby’s body to stretch the cervix more

93
Q

What does increased stretching of the cervix cause during labor?

A

release of more oxytocin resulting in more stretching of the cervix until the baby is born and no longer is stretching the cervix

94
Q

Maintenance of homeostasis = ?

A

health

95
Q

Homeostatic imbalances = ?

A

possible disorders, diseases, or even deaths

96
Q

What is a disorder?

A

abnormality of structure or function

97
Q

What is a disease?

A

illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

98
Q

What are signs?

A

objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure

99
Q

What are symptoms?

A

subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer

100
Q

What are the 4 key themes in physiology?

A
  1. Homeostasis
  2. Integration
  3. Mechanism of action
  4. Communication - cells must communicate with each other to facilitate proper body function
101
Q

What is “mechanism of action”?

A

a key theme in physiology; describes how a physiological event occurs using cause-and-effect sequences (occurs at multiple levels of organization: organ, tissue, cellular, molecular)

102
Q

What are 3 substances which serve as communicators in physiology?

A
  1. hormones
  2. neurotransmitters
  3. local mediators
103
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messenger acting at a distance via blood circulation (slow)

104
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical released by a neuron to affect another neuron or muscle cell

105
Q

What are local mediators?

A

chemical messenger acting in the neighborhood

106
Q

How is feedforward control different from feedback systems?

A

Feedback systems occur in response to a change in a controlled variable
Feedforward control consist of events which occur in anticipation of a change in a controlled variable (I.e., you feel hunger due to low nutrient concentration in internal environment which causes you to salivate and secrete gastric juice if you smell or think of food at this time preparing the digestive system for food)

Medical Communications (5 decks)

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