Prevention, risk, social marketing, goals, public policy

Question 1

What are the levels of prevention?

Answer 1

1. Primordial
2. Primary
3. Secondary
4. Tertiary
5. Quaternary

Question 2

Define primordial prevention

Answer 2

those that prevent conditions that would enable the risk factors for disease from developing. The initiatives are the establishment of conditions, actions, and measures that minimize hazards to health and that, hence, inhibit the emergence and establishment of processes and factors known to increase the risk of disease.

Question 3

Define Primary prevention

Answer 3

impact of specific risk factors is lessened (treatment of risk factors), which leads to the reduction in the occurrence or incidence of disease. May entail both personal and communal effort

Question 4

Define Secondary prevention

Answer 4

initiatives that aim to identify disease processes as early as possible

Disrupts the chain of causality at a point where physiological and psychological abnormality is present but before there is manifestation as a symptom or sign noticed by the individual.

Question 5

Define Tertiary prevention

Answer 5

aim at reducing the impact of long-term disease and disability by eliminating or reducing impairment or disability.

This kind of intervention occurs “after signs or symptoms are present, to reduce the likelihood of persistence or progression

Question 6

Define Quaternary prevention

Answer 6

those actions that identify individuals or populations at risk of over-medicalization. Usually guidelines and policies that reflect operational knowledge are put into place that help to protect individuals from over diagnosis or over-medicalization

Question 7

What is social marketing?

Answer 7

use of marketing principles and techniques to advance a social cause, idea, or behaviour

encourage health-promoting behaviours, or to eliminate or significantly reduce behaviours that negatively impact a population’s health

Question 8

What is risk communication?

Answer 8

transmission of information about an existing or imminent health or environmental risk, the anticipated severity of the risk, and the percentage of people it will impact.

Question 9

What is harm reduction?

Answer 9

goal is not cessation of the high-risk behaviour, but rather it is to reduce the more immediate and related harms arising from engaging in that behaviour

Question 10

List and describe the 4 P’s of social marketing

Answer 10

Product: offering the right product

Price: offering the right product at the right price

Place: offering the right product, at the right price, presented in the right time and right place

Promotion: promoted in the right way

Question 11

Define public policy

Answer 11

Refers to the actions of government and the intentions that determines those actions.

Incorporates more than actual legislation, deals with public problems, and provides a framework for action, but it does not include the operations and structures that result from policy

Question 12

What are the components of the non-linear policy cycle?

Answer 12

Agenda setting, policy formulation, decision making, policy implementation, and policy evaluation

Question 13

What is policy implementation?

Answer 13

Policy implementation is the process by which governments put solutions or policies into effect and evaluation monitors the outcome of policies

Question 14

Define agenda setting (non-linear policy cycle)

Answer 14

• “problem recognition stage”

refers to the process through which a policy and the problem it is intended to address are acknowledged to be of public interest.

• elected officials and policy makers aware of problem

Question 15

Define policy formulation (non-linear policy cycle)

Answer 15

public administration concerned examines the various policy options it considers to be possible solutions

Question 16

Define adoption/decision-making (non-linear policy cycle)

Answer 16

stage during which decisions are made at the government level, resulting in a decision that favors one or more approaches to addressing a given problem

Question 17

Define policy evaluation (non-linear policy cycle)

Answer 17

policy is evaluated to verify whether its implementation and its effects are aligned with the objectives that were explicitly or implicitly set out.