Prevention, Control and Eradication

Question 1

Define Primary Prevention.

Answer 1

Aimed at maintaining a healthy population (preventing occurrence of disease).

- Vaccination
- Border security, meat hygiene, inspection, etc (keep pathogens out)
     - Removing specified risk material from food/feed

Question 2

Define Secondary Prevention.

Answer 2

Attempts to minimize damage after disease has occurred

- Screening for breast cancer or prostate cancer
- Physical exams with annual vaccination of pets, annual blood work in geriatric pets
- Test and slaughter / stamping out in a population

Question 3

Define Tertiary Prevention.

Answer 3

Attempts to improve quality of love during terminal disease

     - Rehabilitation after primary and secondary prevention have failed
     - For the symptomatic disease patient or population
     - Goal is to reduce complications, slow down the progression, reduce severity of symptoms, maintain best quality of life possible

Question 4

Define Control.

Answer 4

Steps taken to reduce a disease problem to a tolerable level and maintain it at that level (similar to secondary prevention)

Question 5

Define Eradication.

Answer 5

The final step in disease control efforts; consists of complete elimination of the disease-producing agent from a defined geographic region

Question 6

What is Total vs. Practical Eradication?

Answer 6

Total eradication - disease has been completely removed from a region (Smallpox, Rinderpest)

Practical eradication - elimination of organisms from the reservoirs of importance to humans or their domestic animals (Rabies, eradicated in canines in USA, but still present in raccoons, bats,..)

Question 7

True or False? An animal or person is always symptomatic before they are infectious.

Answer 7

FALSE

It is the other way around. An animal or person may be infectious before they show any clinical signs

Question 8

What are the three major principles of Disease control and Eradication?

Answer 8

1. Reservoir neutralization
2. Reducing contact potential between infectious and susceptible hosts
3. Increasing host resistance

Question 9

How is reservoir neutralization achieved?

Answer 9

• Removing infected individuals (test and slaughter or mass therapy)
• Rendering infected individuals non-shedders (vaccination)
• Manipulating the environment (parasite control and mosquito control)

Question 10

How is the reduction of contact potential achieved?

Answer 10

• Isolation of treatment cases (not ideal when non-symptomatic are shedding)
• Quarantine of possibly infected
• Population control and reduction (ex. Rabies control: capture and euthanize suspected stray dogs)

Question 11

How can we achieve increased host resistance?

Answer 11

• Genetic selection
• Good welfare (nutrition and shelter)
• Chemoprophylaxis
• Vaccination

Question 12

What are the 5 components of National Disease Control?

Answer 12

1. Animal Health Law and Regulation
2. Disease Control Management Agency
3. Veterinary/Inspection Services
4. Laboratory Services
5. Surveillance, Information, Education, Communication and Training

Question 13

What are the three levels of Animal Health Law and Regulation?

Answer 13

1. International - WTO-SPS-OIE
2. National - Animal Health Act and Animal quarantine laws
3. State - each has its own regulations

Question 14

What is the SPS?

Answer 14

The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement, signed when nations join the WTO.
OIE sets the standards and recommendations

Question 15

Who are the Disease Control Management Agencies and what are their roles?

Answer 15

1. USDA - APHIS
   - Develops science based standards in animal health
   - Mission is to protect the health and value of American Agriculture and national resources
2. State animal health authorities
   - Deliver the Federal programs
   - Administer interstate certificates of veterinary inspection

Question 16

What is the role of the USDA - APHIS Veterinary Services?

Answer 16

250 veterinarians and 360 animal health techs serve to protect and improve the health, quality and marketability of our nation’s animals by preventing/controlling/eliminating diseases

Question 17

Where can we find the USDA - APHIS National Veterinary Lab Services, and what are their roles?

Answer 17

1. Ames Iowa - Diagnostic lab, BacT, Virology and Pathobiology
2. Plum Island - Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic lab
3. National Animal Health Lab Network - Network of State and Federal labs