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Healthy Pop Exam 1 > Prevention & Control > Flashcards

Prevention & Control Flashcards

1
Q

Two questions for vaccine use:

A

Can the vaccine control the disease?
Do risks of vaccination outweigh the benefits?

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2
Q

Examples of passive immunity:

A

Colostrum
Transplacental
Immune Serum Administration (Like tetanus antitoxin)

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3
Q

Examples of Active Immunity:

A

Natural infection
Vaccination

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4
Q

How do they make modified live vaccines?

A

Grow it in cell culture that lessens its virulence

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5
Q

Advantages of Modified Live Vaccines-

A

Produces good immune response with limited doses
Adjuvants aren’t necessary
Less chance for hypersensitivity
Cellular & Humoral Response

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6
Q

Disadvantages of Modified Live Vaccine:

A

May induce dz
Usually not rec. in pregnant animals
Risk of contamination
Immunosuppression
Handling requirements

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7
Q

Advantages of Inactivated Vaccines:

A

Stable in storage
Safe-unlikely to cause disease

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8
Q

Types of Inactivated vaccines:

A

Bacterins
Toxoids
Killed Virus

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9
Q

Disadvantages of Inactivated vaccines:

A

Multiple doses required
Immunity is short lived
Anaphylaxis
Expensive
Rxn to Adjuvants
Variable cellular immunity

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10
Q

Routes of Vaccine Administration:

A

Intranasal
Oral
Parenteral- SQ, IM, ID

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11
Q

Intranasal Vaccine provides what type of immunity?

A

Local & Systemic

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12
Q

Oral Vaccine provides what type of immunity?

A

Local & Systemic

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13
Q

Parenteral Vaccine provides what type of immunity?

A

Systemic ONLY

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14
Q

What is the rule of thumb for food animal vaccine withdrawal times?

A

21 days, but READ the label

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15
Q

What is the benefit of intranasal vaccines?

A

reduces shedding of organisms
(especially of ones that the animal may already have)

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16
Q

Where do all the Food animals get their vaccines:

A

Subcutaneous in cervical region
Axillary space in SR & Pigs
Flank if pig < 40lbs

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17
Q

Where do equine get their vaccines:

A

Intramuscular
Cervical Muscles
Pectoral, Semimem & Semiten

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18
Q

Examples of increased times of exposure:

A

Seasons
Congregation of Animals
Increased times of stress
Pregnancy

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19
Q

Disease prevention:

A

Proactive approach to maintain the health of animals prior to hazard exposure

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20
Q

Disease Control:

A

Once disease is detected, actions taken to prevent new cases of disease, detect new cases as early as possible, and to limit disease impact

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21
Q

Factors that contribute to health & disease:

A

Nutrition, Immunity, Environment, Genetics

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22
Q

Disease outcomes are commonly ___________

A

multifactorial

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23
Q

Intense genetic selection effect on dz outcomes:

A

May reduce survivability by altering disease resistance

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24
Q

Epigenetics:

A

The study of how environment can cause changes in how genes are expressed

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25
Q

Herd Immunity:

A

The resistance to the spread of contagious disease through the population if a high proportion of the population is immune

26
Q

How is herd immunity accomplished (3)

A

Natural Exposure
Controlled Exposure
Vaccination

27
Q

Transmission Rate:

A

Contact rate x Infectivity

28
Q

Contact Rate:

A

quantifies interaction between hosts or between hosts and environment

29
Q

Infectivity:

A

the probability of infection given contact

30
Q

What is contact rate determined by:

A

behavior, movement patterns, and properties of the environment

31
Q

What is infectivity influenced by?

A

Virulence of pathogen
Immune status of host

32
Q

What does transmission rate determine?

A

how many cases you will see over what time period

33
Q

Instances to use controlled exposure:

A

When Vaccines are non-existent or poorly effective
When clinical disease is age dependent & severe/acute/fatal disease can be avoided with early exposure

34
Q

Specific examples of Controlled exposure (2):

A

Anaplasma marginale inoculation of young cattle (<6mo)
Canine Herpesvirus- horizontal exposure of young bitches before becoming pregnant

35
Q

Pre-exposure prophylaxis:

A

Medicating an individual before exposure to a pathogen may protect the individual and the population

36
Q

Physiologic response to short-term stress:

A

Induces catecholamine & glucocorticoid response

37
Q

Physiologic response to long-term stress (or repetitive short term)

A

Continued corticosteroid response, disrupts homeostasis
Disrupts energy balance
decreases resistance to pathogens
causes recrudescence of latent pathogens
Causes hyperactive HPA response to future stressors

38
Q

Aspects of the environment with effect on disease:

A

Stressors
Physical Injury
Cleanliness
Comfort

39
Q

Goals of a preventative medicine plan

A

Prevent diseases
Detect and manage risks
Ensure optimal health outcomes

40
Q

Key elements of prevention and control plans:

A

Management
Biosecurity
Monitoring/Surveillance

41
Q

Management practices for prevention & control plans

A

Genetic selection
Preventatives
Vaccination
Nutrition
Repro Cycles
Environmental Management

42
Q

Biosecurity:

A

A set of management and physical measures designed to reduce the risk of introduction, establishment and spread of animal diseases, infections or infestations to, from and within a population

43
Q

Bioexclusion:

A

Prevention of disease introduction

44
Q

Biocontainment:

A

Preventing the spread of disease within a farm or group of animals

45
Q

Key Concepts of Bioexclusion:

A

Closed population
Quarantine
Pre-entry tests
Vector control
Managing movement patterns in facilities
Cleaning & Disinfection Procedures
PPE

46
Q

Quarantine:

A

Separation of animals NOT KNOWN TO BE SICK for a period of time to allow for monitoring/testing for disease

47
Q

3 levels of biosecurity:

A

Conceptual
Structural
Procedural

48
Q

Biosecurity Hierarchy of Controls:

A

Elimination
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
PPE

49
Q

Monitoring:

A

Systematic measurement, collation, analysis, and interpretation of animal health and welfare data of defined populations
Used to monitor health/disease patterns over time, inform management decisions, evaluate effects of intervention and changes

50
Q

Surveillance:

A

Monitoring but used to identify specific diseases of concern that will initiate pre-specified control activities
Used for novel diseases, or diseases ided for control or eradication

51
Q

Goals of primary infectious disease control strategies:

A

Prevent new cases
Interrupt transmission of pathogens to susceptible hosts or increase host resistance to infection-BEFORE infection occurs

52
Q

Goals of secondary infectious disease control strategies:

A

Detect new cases early & intervene

53
Q

Goals of teriary infectious disease control strategies:

A

Medical tx to prevent the worst outcomes of a disease- dz mitigation

54
Q

Ring vaccination:

A

vaccination of all susceptible animals in a delineated area surrounding the location where an outbreak has occurred

55
Q

Isolation:

A

Separation of Ill animals from healthy ones

56
Q

cleaning:

A

removal of foreign material from objects

57
Q

Disinfection:

A

elimination of many or all pathogenic microorganisms on an inanimate objects

58
Q

Euthanasia:

A

Transitioning an animal to death as painlessly and stress free as possible (sometimes a tertiary strategy)

59
Q

Mass Depopulation:

A

a method by which large numbers of animals must be destroyed quickly and efficiently with as much consideration given to the welfare of animals as practicable, given the extenuating circumstances

60
Q

Preferred methods of carcass & waste disposal

A

Composting
Landfill

Healthy Pop Exam 1 (4 decks)

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