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Healthy Pop Exam 1 > Prevention & Control > Flashcards

Prevention & Control Flashcards

1
Q

Two questions for vaccine use:

A

Can the vaccine control the disease?
Do risks of vaccination outweigh the benefits?

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2
Q

Examples of passive immunity:

A

Colostrum
Transplacental
Immune Serum Administration (Like tetanus antitoxin)

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3
Q

Examples of Active Immunity:

A

Natural infection
Vaccination

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4
Q

How do they make modified live vaccines?

A

Grow it in cell culture that lessens its virulence

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5
Q

Advantages of Modified Live Vaccines-

A

Produces good immune response with limited doses
Adjuvants aren’t necessary
Less chance for hypersensitivity
Cellular & Humoral Response

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6
Q

Disadvantages of Modified Live Vaccine:

A

May induce dz
Usually not rec. in pregnant animals
Risk of contamination
Immunosuppression
Handling requirements

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7
Q

Advantages of Inactivated Vaccines:

A

Stable in storage
Safe-unlikely to cause disease

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8
Q

Types of Inactivated vaccines:

A

Bacterins
Toxoids
Killed Virus

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9
Q

Disadvantages of Inactivated vaccines:

A

Multiple doses required
Immunity is short lived
Anaphylaxis
Expensive
Rxn to Adjuvants
Variable cellular immunity

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10
Q

Routes of Vaccine Administration:

A

Intranasal
Oral
Parenteral- SQ, IM, ID

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11
Q

Intranasal Vaccine provides what type of immunity?

A

Local & Systemic

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12
Q

Oral Vaccine provides what type of immunity?

A

Local & Systemic

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13
Q

Parenteral Vaccine provides what type of immunity?

A

Systemic ONLY

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14
Q

What is the rule of thumb for food animal vaccine withdrawal times?

A

21 days, but READ the label

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15
Q

What is the benefit of intranasal vaccines?

A

reduces shedding of organisms
(especially of ones that the animal may already have)

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16
Q

Where do all the Food animals get their vaccines:

A

Subcutaneous in cervical region
Axillary space in SR & Pigs
Flank if pig < 40lbs

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17
Q

Where do equine get their vaccines:

A

Intramuscular
Cervical Muscles
Pectoral, Semimem & Semiten

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18
Q

Examples of increased times of exposure:

A

Seasons
Congregation of Animals
Increased times of stress
Pregnancy

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19
Q

Disease prevention:

A

Proactive approach to maintain the health of animals prior to hazard exposure

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20
Q

Disease Control:

A

Once disease is detected, actions taken to prevent new cases of disease, detect new cases as early as possible, and to limit disease impact

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21
Q

Factors that contribute to health & disease:

A

Nutrition, Immunity, Environment, Genetics

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22
Q

Disease outcomes are commonly ___________

A

multifactorial

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23
Q

Intense genetic selection effect on dz outcomes:

A

May reduce survivability by altering disease resistance

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24
Q

Epigenetics:

A

The study of how environment can cause changes in how genes are expressed

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25
Herd Immunity:
The resistance to the spread of contagious disease through the population if a high proportion of the population is immune
26
How is herd immunity accomplished (3)
Natural Exposure Controlled Exposure Vaccination
27
Transmission Rate:
Contact rate x Infectivity
28
Contact Rate:
quantifies interaction between hosts or between hosts and environment
29
Infectivity:
the probability of infection given contact
30
What is contact rate determined by:
behavior, movement patterns, and properties of the environment
31
What is infectivity influenced by?
Virulence of pathogen Immune status of host
32
What does transmission rate determine?
how many cases you will see over what time period
33
Instances to use controlled exposure:
When Vaccines are non-existent or poorly effective When clinical disease is age dependent & severe/acute/fatal disease can be avoided with early exposure
34
Specific examples of Controlled exposure (2):
Anaplasma marginale inoculation of young cattle (<6mo) Canine Herpesvirus- horizontal exposure of young bitches before becoming pregnant
35
Pre-exposure prophylaxis:
Medicating an individual before exposure to a pathogen may protect the individual and the population
36
Physiologic response to short-term stress:
Induces catecholamine & glucocorticoid response
37
Physiologic response to long-term stress (or repetitive short term)
Continued corticosteroid response, disrupts homeostasis Disrupts energy balance decreases resistance to pathogens causes recrudescence of latent pathogens Causes hyperactive HPA response to future stressors
38
Aspects of the environment with effect on disease:
Stressors Physical Injury Cleanliness Comfort
39
Goals of a preventative medicine plan
Prevent diseases Detect and manage risks Ensure optimal health outcomes
40
Key elements of prevention and control plans:
Management Biosecurity Monitoring/Surveillance
41
Management practices for prevention & control plans
Genetic selection Preventatives Vaccination Nutrition Repro Cycles Environmental Management
42
Biosecurity:
A set of management and physical measures designed to reduce the risk of introduction, establishment and spread of animal diseases, infections or infestations to, from and within a population
43
Bioexclusion:
Prevention of disease introduction
44
Biocontainment:
Preventing the spread of disease within a farm or group of animals
45
Key Concepts of Bioexclusion:
Closed population Quarantine Pre-entry tests Vector control Managing movement patterns in facilities Cleaning & Disinfection Procedures PPE
46
Quarantine:
Separation of animals NOT KNOWN TO BE SICK for a period of time to allow for monitoring/testing for disease
47
3 levels of biosecurity:
Conceptual Structural Procedural
48
Biosecurity Hierarchy of Controls:
Elimination Engineering Controls Administrative Controls PPE
49
Monitoring:
Systematic measurement, collation, analysis, and interpretation of animal health and welfare data of defined populations Used to monitor health/disease patterns over time, inform management decisions, evaluate effects of intervention and changes
50
Surveillance:
Monitoring but used to identify specific diseases of concern that will initiate pre-specified control activities Used for novel diseases, or diseases ided for control or eradication
51
Goals of primary infectious disease control strategies:
Prevent new cases Interrupt transmission of pathogens to susceptible hosts or increase host resistance to infection-BEFORE infection occurs
52
Goals of secondary infectious disease control strategies:
Detect new cases early & intervene
53
Goals of teriary infectious disease control strategies:
Medical tx to prevent the worst outcomes of a disease- dz mitigation
54
Ring vaccination:
vaccination of all susceptible animals in a delineated area surrounding the location where an outbreak has occurred
55
Isolation:
Separation of Ill animals from healthy ones
56
cleaning:
removal of foreign material from objects
57
Disinfection:
elimination of many or all pathogenic microorganisms on an inanimate objects
58
Euthanasia:
Transitioning an animal to death as painlessly and stress free as possible (sometimes a tertiary strategy)
59
Mass Depopulation:
a method by which large numbers of animals must be destroyed quickly and efficiently with as much consideration given to the welfare of animals as practicable, given the extenuating circumstances
60
Preferred methods of carcass & waste disposal
Composting Landfill

Healthy Pop Exam 1 (4 decks)

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