Prevention, Consultation, and Psychotherapy Research

Question 1

This type of prevention’s goal (according to Caplan) is to reduce the occurrence of new cases.

Answer 1

Primary prevention

Question 2

This type of prevention’s goal (according to Caplan) is to reduce the prevalence of cases through early detection and intervention.

Answer 2

Secondary prevention

Question 3

This type of prevention’s goal (according to Caplan) is to reduce the severity and duration of a diagnosis.

Answer 3

Tertiary prevention

Question 4

According to Gordon’s model, this type of prevention is aimed at an entire population of people, regardless of their risk for a disorder.

Answer 4

Universal prevention

Question 5

According to Gordon’s model, this type of prevention is aimed at those identified as being at risk for a disorder.

Answer 5

Selective prevention

Question 6

According to Gordon’s model, this type of prevention is aimed at those at high-risk or have early signs of a disorder.

Answer 6

Indicated prevention

Question 7

This type of Caplan’s consultation model focuses on a particular client of the consultee who is having difficulty providing services to the client.

Answer 7

Client-centered case consultation

Question 8

This type of Caplan’s consultation model focuses on the consultee who is having difficulty providing services to a group of clients.

Answer 8

Consultee-centered case consultation

Question 9

This type of Caplan’s consultation model focuses on a administrators to help them understand problems they’re having with an existing mental health program.

Answer 9

Program-centered administrative consultation

Question 10

This type of Caplan’s consultation model focuses on improving the functioning of professionals administrators.

Answer 10

Consultee-centered administrative consultation.

Question 11

These types of studies aim to maximize internal validity and draw conclusions about the cause-effect relationships between therapy and its outcomes by maximizing experimental controls.

Answer 11

Efficacy research studies

Question 12

These types of research studies aim to maximize external validity by providing treatment in naturalistic settings.

Answer 12

Effectiveness research studies

Question 13

Eysenck’s 1952 outcome study claimed that the following percentages of patients experienced recovery:
_____ percent with no therapy
_____ percent with eclectic therapy
_____ percent with psychoanalysis

Answer 13

72%
64%
44%

Later critics pointed out the lack of randomized, no-treatment controls in his studies, as well as the inclusion criteria which, if changed, largely reversed the numbers.

Question 14

Smith, Glass, and Miller’s 1980 outcome meta-analysis of 475 studies showed that the mean effect size of _____ for those who participated in therapy.

Answer 14

.85

This indicated that those who received therapy were better off than 80% of those who didn’t.

Question 15

Howard et al. investigated the relationship between psychotherapy duration and outcome, and their dosage model predicted that the following percentages of clients will improve with clinical significance in a given time:
_____ by 6-8 sessions
_____ by 26 sessions
_____ by 52 sessions

Answer 15

50%
75%
85%

Question 16

Howard et al. investigated the relationship between psychotherapy duration and outcome, and their phase model predicted that outcomes can be described in what three phases?

Answer 16

• Remoralization phase (first few sessions)
• Remediation phase (next 16 sessions)
• Rehabilitation phase (ongoing to unlearn behaviors)

Question 17

According to Norcross and Lambert's 2011 common factors study, variability in therapy outcomes can be attributed to the following sources:
\_\_\_\_\_ due to patient contributions
\_\_\_\_\_  due to therapeutic relationship
\_\_\_\_\_ due to treatment method
\_\_\_\_\_ due to therapist characteristics
\_\_\_\_\_ is unexplained variance

Answer 17

30%
12%
8%
7%
40%

Question 18

Client-therapist matching research indicates that matching clients and therapists in terms of ethnicity and race produces _______ results.

Answer 18

mixed

Question 19

_____ is a type of economic evaluation which can be used to compare the costs and benefits (in monetary terms) of one or multiple interventions.

Answer 19

Cost-benefit analysis

Question 20

_____ is a type of economic evaluation which can be used to compare the costs and benefits of two or more interventions when outcomes can’t be expressed in monetary terms.

Answer 20

Cost-effectiveness analysis

Question 21

_____ is a type of economic evaluation which can be used to compare the costs and benefits of two or more interventions in terms of quality-adjusted life years (gain in health-related quality and duration of life)

Answer 21

Cost-utility analysis

Question 22

Research investigating the effects of age, gender, and socioeconomic status on psychotherapy outcomes has produced _____ results.

Answer 22

Mixed

Question 23

Stepped care is a model of healthcare with two fundamental features:

Answer 23

1) Recommended care should be the least restrictive of available options.
2) It is self-correcting and monitored, with intensifying treatment if current level is ineffective.

Question 24

Broten, Naugle, Kalata, and Gaynor’s stepped model of depression care includes…

Answer 24

1. Assessment and monitoring
2. Interventions with minimal practitioner involvement
3. Interventions with more intensive care and specialized training
4. Most restrictive, intensive forms of care