Prevention Flashcards
PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
•PRIMARY prevention – prevention of the initial infection
–Person tests negative for infection
–Person has no signs/symptoms of the disease
•SECONDARY prevention – prevention of the disease after the infection has already occurred
–Person tests positive for the infection or potential infection strongly suspected
–Person has no signs/symptoms of the disease
Reservoir of microorganismsTransmissionHuman infectionDevelopment of disease
-pay attention
Reservoir of microorganismsTransmissionHuman infectionDevelopment of disease
-pay attention
STRATEGIES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE PREVENTION
•PRIMARY prevention – prevention of the initial infection
–Reduction or elimination of the reservoir
–Interception of transmission from reservoir to humans
–Reduction of the number of susceptible humans
REDUCTION OF HUMAN RESERVOIR: TREAT ACTIVE HUMAN CASES
- Some infectious agents are transmitted only by people with active cases
- In subclinical cases the microorganisms are not spread
REDUCTION OF HUMAN RESERVOIR: SCREEN FOR AND TREAT SUBCLINICAL CARRIERS
•Appropriate for infectious agents spread by subclinical(asymptomatic) carriers
•Important to prevent nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections
–Both personnel and incoming patients are screened
REDUCTION OF HUMAN RESERVOIR: TEST FOR AND TREAT INFECTIONS IN PREGNANT WOMEN
•The pregnant woman is the fetus’s only connection with infectious agents in the outside world
–Through placenta (blood-borne route)
–Through cervix (direct contact route)
REDUCTION OF HUMAN RESERVOIR: BODY HYGIENE FOR DISEASES CAUSED BY MICROBIOME
•Vaccinate against common diseases
-can reduce the human reservoir if you brush your teeth or mouth
–reduces carriage rate of microorganism in humans
–Protects unvaccinated individuals through herd immunity
- herd (community) immunity is essentially when people get vaccinated and it prevents other from getting infected
- 90% vaccination rate among a community is pretty good and it helps protect those that aren’t vaccinated (important cuz if vaccinated a disease can be control cuz it wont spread)
- in california there was a law that said all students must get vaccinated if they go to public school
REDUCE/ELIMINATE HUMAN RESERVOIR
•Global eradication is an extension of the herd immunity concept (Nigeria, 1968)
-takes years in years to eradicate (currently being applied to polio)
REDUCTION OF ANIMAL RESERVOIR: POPULATION CONTROL OF INFECTED ANIMALS
Extermination of excess rodents, especially during plague epidemics
- rodents are famous for certain epidemics
- people go out and kill rodents to get rid of resouvier
REDUCTION OF ANIMAL RESERVOIR: VACCINATION/TREATMENT
-we vaccinate our domestic animals to get rid of reservoirs
REDUCTION OF RESERVOIRS OF BIOLOGICAL VECTORS
- Spraying pesticides to kill mosquitos
- Draining swamps where mosquitos breed
- in old days reduce the amount of water where mosquitos breed to control the mosquito reservoirs
- they are now using a lot of pesticides to kill mosquites cuz it is very effective in killing them
REDUCTION OF SOIL RESERVOIRS
-biggest threats to soil reservoirs is vegetation decay
- Cleaning up piles of decaying vegetation
- Cleaning up bird droppings - where the poop acts as a fertilizer in soil and makes fungi grow then you can clean up that shit
INTERCEPT TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS TO HUMANS
•**Sewage treatment and water purification
-is estitanal is one of the most important ways to limit transmission… fecal transmission is very strong so if our water is not treated then there would be more disease*
•Avoidance of exposure, isolation, quarantine
-especially for those that are infected
•Control of fomites, disinfectants
-that serve as vechiles for the transmition of disease
•Barriers: protective clothing (gloves, lab coat, eye goggles, masks), condoms, buffet shields, bed nets
•Vector control
Reservoir of microorganismsTransmissionHuman infectionDevelopment of disease
-fill in chart
AVOIDANCE OF CONTACT WITH INFECTED INDIVIDUALS
- make sure you wash your hand after shaking someone’s hand who is sick
- if you sick don’t be shaking people damn hand
- avoid people if you can who are sick
- it transmits more germs that kissing does
CAESARIAN SECTION (C-SECTION) TO PREVENT TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION FROM MOTHER TO BABY
- they can have transmission in there in particular herpies
- this is why they have C-section cuz this avoids infection at the time of birth
AVOIDANCE OF BREAST FEEDING IF MOTHER IS INFECTED WITH A MILK-TRANSMISSIBLE AGENT
-women are avised not to nurse if they have the following disease cuz one of the main routes of transmittion for these virsus
- HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
- HTLV (human T cell leukemia virus)
ISOLATION
•Isolation – separates people with a communicable disease from people who are not sick
-have to wear hella clothes and stuff so they don’t pick up organism and spread the organism
QUARANTINE
•Definition – separates and restricts movement of healthy people who were exposed to a communicable disease, for the length of the incubation period, to see if they develop the disease.
-this was done with ebola… people who had gone to Africa who helped with the cases had to be quarantined until after the incubation period
•Public laws related to quarantine
-CDC has laws w/in states that states what needs to happen in case of an outbreak in the U.S.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHINGFOR HOSPITALS AND LABORTORIES
- improvements have been made
- thing over the shoulders, double layers, and more shiut
BARRIER PROTECTION FOR SEXUAL ACTIVITIES
- condoms, gloves, etc.
- very efficent in the transmission of sexual diseases
BARRIERS USED TO PREVENT FOOD BORNE INFECTIONS
-have to use tongs, have glass coverings (shields),
BED NETS AS BARRIERS TO VECTORS TRANSMITTING TROPICAL DISEASES
- prevention of tropical diseases such as insects…
- this is because a lot of time some vectors look for when people are sleeping.
- bed net is sprayed with insect repellent
FREQUENT HAND CLEANSING
- handzanitizer or soap and water
- most effective is soap and water cuz some viruses have embelems and it will dissolve the peppliners so it won’t be able to attacht… cuz the non-emble ones doesn’t do this but the soap loosens skin and gets to pores and when you wash it down the drain they all go down the drain… so it is more effective than handsanitzer
COMMON DISINFECTANTS
-cloraz, and other brands (don’t think you need to know specifics)
DISINFECTANTS TO REDUCE TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS IN THE IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT
•Major classes of disinfectants
–Chemicals
•Soaps and detergents
•Halogens - chlorine,
bromine
•Alcohols - hand
sanitizers
•Oxidizing agents -
Hydrogen peroxide
–Physical
•Heat - pasteurization, thorough cooking
•Radiation - Ultraviolet, gamma rays
•Filtration – to remove microorganisms
all ways to inactive organisms
SCREENING OF DONATED BLOOD BLOOD FOR MICROORGANISMS
-checking donated blood
Reservoir of microorganismsTransmissionHuman infectionDevelopment of disease
-pay attention
PREVENTION OF HARMFUL EXPOSURE TO ANIMALS
•Animal importation controlled by CDC (Center for Disease control and prevention) and the USDA (US Department of Agriculture)
–Banned: civets, African rodents
–Controlled with possible quarantine: dogs, non-human primates
-can have quarintine w/in a country or state such as Hawaii where does have to be quartined for 6 months (remember her dog story… she abandoned her dog)
AVOID CONSUMPTION OF RAW MILK AND RAW/RARE MEAT PROUCTS
- cattle does have a lot of infections diseases
- if people eat raw milk or raw steak tartare, carpaccio then bitch you getting infected
- has to be cook none of that red shit
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION REQUIRES LABELING OF MILK AS RAW OR PASTEURIZED
-law says you have to label milk raw or pasteurization
PASTEURIZATION INACTIVATES MOST PATHOGENS
-pasteurization inactives most pathogens
REDUCING TRANSMISSION OF SOIL ORGANISMS
•Dust control measures
-water the ground so that dust doesn’t go into the air
REDUCING TRANSMISSION OF SOIL ORGANISMS
•Protective clothing
- just wearing shoes can help you avoid soil transmission (through cuts, etc.)
- the organism are usually anrobic
Reservoir of microorganismsTransmissionHuman infectionDevelopment of disease
-fill out chart
REDUCE NUMBER OF SUSCEPTIBLE HUMANS
•Immunization
–Vaccination – stimulates active immunization, the production of an immune response by the vaccinated person
-look at diff in number of cases of reported cases (in slide 39) that shows the importance/power of vaccines
REDUCE NUMBER OF SUSCEPTIBLE HUMANS
–Passive immunization –
•Natural passive immunity
- IgG passed from mother to child in blood during pregnancy
- that child will be born with 6 months of IgG from their mother (composed of everything she has been exposed to)
-IgA passed mother to child in milk during breast feeding (which is why its important to breastfeed)
makes baby hella strong and okay at birth
REDUCE NUMBER OF SUSCEPTIBLE HUMANS
–Passive immunization –•Artificial passive immunization- injection of antibodies made in another person or animal (horse) who was hyperimmunized
-store all these antibodies in people so they can get it from them and use it to treat people who have gotten sick
REDUCE NUMBER OF SUSCEPTIBLE HUMANS
•Chemoprophylaxsis
–Taking antimicrobial drugs in advance of an anticipated exposure, e.g. before traveling to a country with endemic malaria
REDUCE NUMBER OF SUSCEPTIBLE HUMANS
•Chemoprophylaxsis
–Treatment of an underlying disease that increases host’s susceptibility to infectious diseases, e.g. AIDS
-the pic of a girl with AIDs who has yeast on mouth and was able to get rid of it through chemoprophylaxsis
REDUCE NUMBER OF SUSCEPTIBLE HUMANS
–CDC named community water fluoridation one of 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century. Fluoridation prevents tooth decay by strengthening tooth enamel .
- red is the best (has most fluoridation, brown least, gray middle)
- concern within the public was that it caused cancer
REDUCE NUMBER OF SUSCEPTIBLE HUMANS
•Changes in life style
–Improved nutrition
–Reduction/cessation of smoking, alcohol, and drug use
•Vaccination against a few diseases whose reservoirs are animals or soil
CLICKER QUESTION
Pasteruization of milk is which of the following strategies of prevention?
–A. reduction of the reservoir
–B. interception of transmission
–C. reducing number of susceptible humans
–D. secondary prevention
ANS: D
STRATEGIES FOR SECONDARY PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (AFTER INFECTION HAS OCCURRED OR IS SUSPECTED OF HAVING OCCURRED)
-this is after infection has occurred or reoccured or suspected
•Early identification of infection–Alerting exposed individuals to get tested for infection
•Preventing disease in people found to be infected or suspected of being infected
–Antimicrobials
–Passive immunization (immediate immune power before the own immune system has a chance to get in)
–Vaccination for diseases with a long incubation period (i.e. rabis… incubation rate is 3 months)
–Avoidance of triggering reactivation of latent viruses
–Surgical removal of infected tissue
Secondary REDUCE NUMBER OF SUSCEPTIBLE HUMANS
•Chemoprophylaxsis
–Taking antimicrobial drugs immediately after exposure or suspected exposure,
-same as primary
Secondary REDUCE NUMBER OF SUSCEPTIBLE HUMANS
–Passive immunization –
•Artificial passive immunization– supply an immediate artificial immune response before the host’s immune system has a chance to respond
SURGICAL REMOVAL OF INFECTED TISSUES
- pre surgery
- post surgery
- can do surgery to get rid of secondary something
clicker question: Which one of the following measures serves to reduce the mosquito reservoir of the malaria protozoan?
A. bed nets
B. insect repellant
C. swamp drainage
D. frequent hand washing
ANS: C
