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MicroBio > Lec. 3 Fungi & Algae > Flashcards

Lec. 3 Fungi & Algae Flashcards

1
Q

Hundreds Of Dead Seabirds, Sea Lions Wash Up In Southern California

A
  • The likely culprit is a toxic algal bloom, fueled by warmer ocean temperatures.May 31, 2017
    • this happens cuz of the weather and the accumulation of fertilizer
  • Alaska shellfish farms temporarily shuttered due to deadly toxin
  • Shellfish may contain toxins even in winter months
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2
Q

ALGAE

A
  • “Algae” is used broadly to mean anything photosynthetic that lives in water
  • No common taxonomic relationship among organisms called algae;

–includes both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms

–Both unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular (macroscopic) species

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3
Q

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DINOFLAGELLATE ALGAE

A
  • Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms
  • Live mainly in marine water or nearby beach sand (that is wet);
  • Cells contain chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis (autotrophic); May have other pigments that mask green color, but usually green
  • Have two flagella, one propelling forward and one sideways
  • Have cell walls made of cellulose, often as thick plates;
  • Form cysts for protection
  • Reproduction is asexual by binary fission (similar to mitosis, but they don’t call it that for single celled organisms) … process of dividing
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4
Q

Pseudo-nitzschia

A

domoic acid (extremely toxic poison causing Amnesic]), amnesic shellfish poisoning

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5
Q

Alexandrium

A

saxitoxin, paralytic shellfish poisonin

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6
Q

Harmful Microalgae

A

Dinoflagellates causing shellfish poisoning produce toxins into water

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7
Q

DINOFLAGELLATE TOXINS

A
  • Have complex chemical compsitions
  • Are neurotoxins

-they are not present in freshwater

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8
Q

HOW ARE HUMAN EXPOSED TO TOXINS PRODUCED BY DINOFLAGELLATES?

A
  • Swallowing small amounts of water containing the toxin while swimming
  • Eating shellfish in which the toxin has a higher concentration
  • Shellfish are aquatic invertebrates with an exoskeleton

-each toxin is produce by a certain species

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9
Q

SHELLFISH/FISH POISONING SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

A
  • For all types: Onset within 10-30 min. after eating contaminated shellfish; numbness tingling in mouth
  • Diarrhetic - causes diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
  • Neurotoxic - slurred speech, nausea, vomiting
  • Paralytic - parathesias, loss of coordination, death
  • Amnesic - permanent loss of short term memory, death
  • Ciguatera fish poisoning - gastrointestinal and neurological impairment
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10
Q

TREATMENT OF SHELLFISH POISONING

A
  • Induce vomiting and/or pump stomach to get rid of as much toxin as possible
  • Feed charcoal to victim to adsorb the toxins
  • Provide mechanized breathing assistance if respiratory muscles are paralyzed
  • No antidote has been discovered that counteracts effects of the toxins
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11
Q

STATISTICS ON SHELLFISH/FISH POISONINGS

A
  • USA – each year ≈30 cases; 1 death ≈every 4 years

* Globally – 100,000 cases/year; 1.5% death rate

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12
Q

PREVENTION OF SHELLFISH POISONING

A
  • inspection/testing
  • warnings
  • educatopm
  • thorough cooking does NOT prevent shellfish poisoning
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13
Q

Consumers Advised To Not Eat Rock Crabs, Bivalve Shellfish Caught Along Monterey Bay, Peninsula

A
  • Dangerous levels of toxin domoic acid (amnesic shellfish poisoning) found in rock crabs, oysters, clams, mussels and scallops, CA Department of Health said.
  • Shellfish monitors keep tabs on deadly toxins
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14
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL FUNGI

A
  • Eukaryotic cellular structure
  • Cells do not contain chloroplasts and do not perform photosynthesis; they are heterotrophic
  • Most species have cell walls containing chitin
  • Both unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular (macroscopic) species (mushrooms) exist

-morphology of the fungi is very important for fungi identification of diseases

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15
Q

FUNGAL CELL WALLS

A
  • Mannan
  • B-Glucan
  • Chitin (KEY MOLECULE IN THE CELL WALL OF THE FUNGI)
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16
Q

YEAST

A

•A single or two-cell form of fungus
•Reproduces by budding (daughter cell buds from mother cell) (small cell attached to a larger cell)
CHECK SLIDE 23

17
Q

MOLD

A

•A multicellular fungus

•Cells joined together in a filamentous structure (hypha, pl. hyphae)
–septate (with walls separating cells)
–aspetate (without cross walls separating cells) (nonseperate hyphae) check slide 24

•A mycelium is a collection of hyphae
–Vegatative mycelium grows into a source of nutrients
–Aerial mycelium grow up into the air

•A colony occurs when the mycelium grows and becomes visible to naked eye

18
Q

MOLD REPRODUCTION

A
  • Mold reproduction is primarily asexual, especially for the species that cause human disease
  • Reproductive units are produced by aerial mycelia and dispersed by winds, animals etc.

•There are two types of asexual reproductive units:
–Conidia
–Sporangiospores

19
Q

DIMORPHIC FUNGI HAVE BOTH A YEAST AND A MOLD PHASE

A

–Mold (saprophytic) phase is in the soil
•Specific species are in specific geographic locations
•Grows at <37°C. (body temperature)

–Yeast (parasitic) phase occurs (the phase where humans get sick) in a human/animal after conidia are inhaled from the soil
•Temperature must be ≥37°C. for conversion to yeast phase
•Causes disease in some infected humans

–Yeast phase cannot be transmitted from one human to another

20
Q

WHO GETS FUNGAL INFECTIONS (MYCOSES)?

A

•Minor fungal infections:
–Occur in most people constantly
–Are self-limiting

•Severe life-threatening fungal infections:
–occur primarily in immunosuppressed persons
•Due to medications
•Due to underlying diseases, e.g. AIDS
–Are increasing in frequency because more people are immunosuppressed

21
Q

DISTRIBUTION OF SHELLFISH POISONING

A

Along the west coast and east coast of USA

22
Q

ARE RED TIDES ASSOCIATED WITH SHELLFISH POISONING?

A

no, but they can be present in there

23
Q

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM

A
  • CHECK SLIDE 32

- likes to grow in areas with a lot of bird poop

24
Q

CHEST X-RAY OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM INFECTION

A

You can see the cloudy dots that show the infection

  • professor has this in her chest, but it is in graduloma or algo asi so its okay…
  • as long as it stays incased in the granduloma then you chilling B
  • there is medication to treat it
25
Q

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS (Valley fever)

A
  • central valley and south west
  • dust storm in phoenix, AZ, 2008
  • this is cuz its dry and the wind blows around
  • will also see granulomas in the lungs… nothing bad happens to people (unless they have week immunology) cuz they body can bounce back
26
Q

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS

A

mid east

  • does dimesminate in the blood
  • can be all over the body
  • it is treatable
  • skin is most likely place to have an effect

MicroBio (8 decks)

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