Preventing/ Controlling Transmission of Infectious Agents (22 questions) Flashcards
Category A
-Highest priority, pose risk to national security
- easy transmission person to person n
High mortality
- might cause public panic, social distuption
-requires special attention for public health preparedness
- Ex: Anthrax, botulism, plague, smallpox, tularemia, viral hemorrhagic fevers
Category B
- second highest risk
-moderately easy to disseminate, mod morbidity - requires specific enhancements of CDC dx capacity and increased disease surveillance
-ex: Brucellosis, clostridium perfringes, food safety threat, Glanders, Meloidosis, Psittacosis, Q fever, Ricin toxin, Staph enterotoxin B, Typus fever, Viral encephalitis, water safety threats
Category C
3rd highest
-Emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in future
ex: Nipah virus, Hantavirus
Anthrax
-Not person to person. SP
-Exposure to dust or powder -CONFIRMED anthrax= tx with abx for 6 weeks or more
Brucella
-transmission person to person by contact with draining lesions tissue transplant or sexual contact
- SP, plus appropriate PPE when caring for draining lesions
Cholera
-Transmissed through drinking water or food contaminated with feces
-SP
Pneumonic Plague
-transmission person to person via resp droplets.
- SP + Droplet until 48 hours of app abx and improvement in sx
- transmission can occur from skin lesions- good HH is a must
Smallpox
- Transmitted person to person by resp secretions, aerosols, contact with pox lesions and fomites
- Airborne (N95, neg pressure) + Contact
- Dedicated equipment, autopsy/ post mortem = A + C
- Pt infectious until all scabs have separated
Tuleremia
NOT person to person. SP
- Lab must wear: mask, eye protection gown and gloves wen working with culture and do in a closed system- adhere to biosafety level (Category A)
Viral Encephalitis (Venezuelan, Eastern, Western)
NOT person to person. SP
Transmitted by inhalation or mosquitoes
Viral Hemorrhagic fever
- Person to person by inhalation of aerosols or percutaneous injury
- SP + Contact
- Wear eye protection and mask if risk for aerosol or splash
- Post mortem: mask, eye protection, gown, gloves
Primary source of SSI HAI’s
Endogenous bacteria (OR environment, and surgical personnel)
OR air quality and ventilation
> 15 ACH (3 must be fresh air)
Prevention of Bloodborne Pathogens in Dialysis
HBV*, HDV, HCV, HIV
HBV:
-Anti-HBs = serological marker to look for vaccine or infection related immunity
-Anti-HBc= current or past HBV
-HBV vaccine if susceptible pt or staff
-dedicated equipment, separate room, not in reuse programs
Airborne negative pressure room ACH
at least 6-12
Notification of a contaminated or defective product, decide or med is suspected to cause outbreak.
notify FDA and CDC
c diff
spore forming, Gram- po anerobic bacillus
Meningococcal disease
SP plus Droplet isolation for the first 24 hours of antibiotic therapy.
Meningococcal disease is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. Common symptoms of meningococcal disease include high fever, neck stiffness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and/or petechial or purpuric rash. N. meningitidis is a gram-negative, encapsulated, aerobic diplococcus. The bacteria are transmitted from person-to-person through droplets of respiratory or throat secretions from carriers and require Droplet isolation in addition to standard precautions for the first 24 hours of antibiotic therapy.
Which of the following antiseptic solutions does the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend as skin prep for central venous catheter insertion and care, unless there is a contraindication?
> 0.5% chlorhexidine preparation with alcohol.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections, clean skin should be prepared with a >0.5% chlorhexidine preparation with alcohol before CVC and peripheral arterial catheter insertion and during dressing changes. If there is a contradiction to chlorhexidine, tincture of iodine, an iodophor, or 70% alcohol can be used as alternatives
Precautions for influenza positive mom
Temporarily separate mom and baby after delivery, all feeding by healthy caregiver if possible.
If mom is going to breastfeed, encourage them to express milk
Pruritic lesions
Scabies
Contact precautions until 24 hours after Tx
___ days USP recommends multidose vials be disposed of after opening
28 days
Kills all orgs and spores
Steam sterilization and Ethylene oxide
Steam= items that are tolerant of high temperatures, such as metal surgical
tools.
Ethylene oxide gas = is a low-heat method for items that are
not heat tolerant. Items that are sterilized by ethylene oxide must be allowed
time for aeration before use
Have published regulations for infection and medical or regulated waste
EPA (Environment protect), OSHA, DOT (department transportation)