Preventative Healthcare Flashcards
Reasons for responsible use of anthelmintics
over use –> resistance
impact on microbiome
environmental impact
environmental impact - anthelmintics
impact on non-target species - eg dung beetle thing
impact on soil ecosystem
ivermectin - stays in feces for 40 days after excretion
faecal matter run off from muck heaps
faecal waste used as fertiliser - poses an environmental risk
GI nematodes (and GI location) - Sheep
abomasum -
haemonchus contortus
teledorsagia
trichostrongylus
small intestine -
nematodirus
trichostrongylus soo
cooperia spp
large intestine (usually less bad) -
chaberlla
oesophagostomum
trichuris spp.
interventions - pre parasitic - sheep
target stages of lifecycle off the animal
assess grazing risk of pastures
vaccines - have a hemonchus one in oz
nutritional health - can tolerate a higher worm burden
breed for resistance - breed from low egg shedder (monitor with FWEC)
SCOPS - sustainable control of parasites in sheep - organisation, trying to reduce reliance on anthelmintics
forecasting increased worms - NADIS
diagnostics - worms - sheep
FWEC - GI nematodes, sedimentation for fluke eggs
antibody detection ELISA - liver fluke
coproantigen ELISA - fluke
assess flock risk - worms - sheep
GAME
General health and genetics - optimise health status of ewes and lambs
Avoidance - don’t graze on high risk pastures, don’t buy in lambs with resistant worms, disease forecasting
Monitoring - monitor efficacy of treatment by daily live weight gain or FWEC, or just monitor to check how they’re getting along
Effective and Efficacious Treatment
control of worms - cattle
NB: a lot of anthelmintics no good for dairy cattle - long milk withdrawal times
grazing/pasture management
strategic seasonal anthelmintic use
base treatment on weight and FWEC for whole group
targeted individual treatment - based on monitoring stock health and growth rates
housing treatments
aim to expose the cattle to the parasite so they can develop immunity (different from what we want with sheep)
risk assessment - worms - cattle
assess risk posed by pasture
age
health status of animal
disease forcasting
diagnostics - worms - cattle
lungworm - vaccinate with huskvac
ostertagia - antibody detection (ELISA), FWEC
fluke - coproantigen detection, antibody detection, FWEC
common parasites of horses
nematodes -
cyathostomins
parascaris equoruum
tapeworm -
anoplococephala perfoliata
CANTER
aims to assess risk of worms for horses
vet focused - vet to assess risk based on the factors (lots of horse anthelmintics not prescribed by vet)
risk based management - manage based on low, medium or high risk factors
management - worms - horses
poo pick minimum 2x weekly
rest and rotate pasture - especially on stud farms
awareness of parasite lifecycle - can survive on pasture over winter, faeces dropped at edge of pasture or spread as feritiliser can act as source of infection
keep muck heaps away from pastures
co graze with ruminants
diagnostics - worms - horse
strongyles - FWEC
tapeworm - saliva-based ELISA (EquiSal), blood ELISA (Diagnosteq) for antibody detection - herd level testing especially on stud farms
cyathostomins - ELISA - complex to interpret, but detects all stages (included encysted larval stage), not recommended for low risk horses currently (needs further validation)
sustainable control principles (worms)
make sure treatment given is fully effective - correct doe
dispose of anthelmintics properly
use targeted drug treatments
use management to reduce reliance on anthelmintics
avoid bringing in resistant worms and other parasites - robust quarantine procedure for new animals brought in
use drugs according to their label instructions
medicines licensed for farm use undergo and environmental risk assessment - reviewed by veterinary medicines directorate
companion animals - anthelmintics
guidelines - from ESCAAP
no reported resistance to companion animal anthelmintics - may just be not recorded
parasiticides often given with no testing done
lots of flea ectoparasiticides have wormer in as well - could lead to resistance because of frequency of use
vet has to see them once a year to prescribe anthelmintics or any time the product being used changes
