Performance and Production Flashcards
broiler farm - sight checks
distribution
movement
droppings
size - and how even is size
broiler - 0-5 days
mortality target <0.3%
peak mortality - 3-4 days
most common disease - omphalitis (unhealed navel), septicemia, york sac infections
uncommon diseases - chicken anemia virus, avian encepahlomyelitis - parent flock vaccinated, sometimes see vaccine failure
broiler - 6-20 days
mortality target <0.1% daily
less issue seen at this satge
disease - bacterial infections, inclusion body hepatitis, metabolic disorders (rickets, tibial dyschondroplasia)
metabolic disorders usually feed related
anticoccidials in food
broilers - 21-27 days
peak gut health challenge period - worst time for coccidiosis
often clostridium associated - enteritis on top of coccidia challenge –> bacterial gut infiltration
diseases -
coccidia spp - eimeria
E. acervulina - duodenum - white spots on gut
E. maxima
E. tenella - worst, rare, blood filled caecum
bacterial lameness - staph, e coli, enterococcus caecorum
pathogenic e coli (APEC) - dirty water
pathogenic E coli (APEC) signs at pm - broilers
collibacilosis
septicemia
purulent arthritis
femoral head necrosis
hepatomegaly
broilers - day 27-38
day 31 - thinning - 30% out
day 38 - rest out
sometimes gut issues but mostly just bacterial lameness
infectious bursal disease (gumboro) - immune disease - can crop up at this stage due to vaccine failure or field challenge - enteritis, poor performance, spike in culls or deaths
broiler vaccines
Gumboro (IBD) - live vax, usually in water around 14-17 days, can vary strength of vax depending on risk level
Infectious bronchitis (IB) - vax for multiple strains in hatchery for wide cover
Coccidiosis - expensive, only given in high value birds
layer hen vax
salmonella
infectious bronchitis
turkey viral rhinotracheitis (TRT)
ILT (herpes)
mycoplasma - multi age sites
gumboro
avian encephomyelitis (AE)
newcastle disease
avian influenza
erysipelas and pasteurella - if previous challenge
coccidiosis and mareks - in hatchery
Infectious bronchitis - poultry
coronavirus
highly infectious
trachea –> blood stream –> oviducts and kidneys
qx strain worst - kidney damage
secondary infections
very bad for production - small eggs, thin shell
vax every 6 weeks in lay
turkey viral rhinotracheitis (TRT) - poultry
metapneumonic virus (Resp)
very contagious
drop in production
reduced shell quality
“swollen head syndrome”
ILT (herpes) - poultry
sever resp signs
reduced production
sudden death from tracheal blockage from inflammation
single vax in rear stage (layers)
mycoplasma - poultry
not routine vax
only usually issue on multi age sites - not as often complete clean otu
latent - appearing at stress point - red mites, transport, predation
vertical and horizontal transmission
thin spot at top of eggs
swollen legs and head
E. coli peritonitis - layers
APEC
usually in compromised birds - adress underlying factors
predisposing - stress, air quality, other resp pathogens, poor gut health, red mite
treat - oxytetracycline if really bad but mainly address stressots
vax - every 20 weeks in lay
erysipelas - layers
infection through skin lesion, red mites or eating infected materials
liver lesions seen at abattoir - pathognomonic
vax if previous outbreaks
mareks - layers
herpes
causes tumours
inflammation in peripheral nerves –> paralysis
PCR - hair follicles
Avian influenza - signs
lots of dead birds - esp turkeys and pheasants
bruising on legs, combs and wattles
neuro - twisted neck, star gazing, circling
low path - may just be resp signs and drop in water and feed consumption
parasites - layers
worms, ascarids, heterakis (non pathologic threadworm but transmits histomonas)
red mite - very common - irritation causing immune suppression
worms - flubendazole or fenbendazole
mites - fluralaner (expensive)
turkeys - common diseases
similar to chickens but often worse
coccidiosis - need oocyte count to diagnose
histomonas (blackhead) - mass death, very susceptible
type 2 adenovirus - haemorrhagic enteritis
avian influenza - basically just all die
camelids clinical exam - species points
should be contractions in first stomach compartment
should be cudding
BCS - 2.5-3 - lumbar region, straigh lin
weight - good for dose rates but account weight of fleece and gut fill
colic signs - shifting, discomfort - much less violent signs than horses
compare to a healthy one
may just shift about a bit more when very uncomfortable
assume sicker than it looks
easily stressed - if mouth breathing then give it a break
don’t cover nose
blood draw - camelids
jugular - low on neck by C5/6 process - carotid and jugular very close
go in groove - vein wont rise
hard to assess most organs on palpation so need bloods to assess
can’t really rectal an alpaca
fluids - camelids
signs of dehydration subtle - consider use early
slow admin and not above maintenance (5% bw over 24 hours) - risk of pulmonary oedema and fluid overload
use alkaline fluids, care with glucose
cepahlic or saphenous good in crias, jugular find in adults but higher up the neck than in bloods
catheter in jugular should run down towards the heart
jugular blood quite bright - looks arterial, if artery will pulse out, if vein then should be steady flow
plasma - camelids
used in neonates for failure of passive transfer
consider in treatment if inappetant - gives source of circulating protein
if ill for a few days prone to hypoproteinemia - want albumni over 20g/l and TP over 40g/l
camelids - signs of common issues
abdominal distension - ascites, SI obstruction, pregnancy
colic - phytobezoar (blockage), enteritis, spiral colon torsion
camelids - drug administration
sub cut - low on neck in front of shoulder, or behind shoulder at elbow level (care not to just pop out into fleece)
IM - quads or gluteals, neck muscle not so good
oral - lab tube in cria, foal tube in adults, have to push far in
camelids - microchipping
need chip to be registered with breed societies
often chip anyway - theft prevention
upper left neck
care not to angle applicator more than 30-45 degrees - chip can go in spinal canal
camelids - vaccination
clostridial diseases - very susceptible
others as needed - bluetongue, orf, lepto, salmonella, rotavirus, coronavirus, e coli, abortion agents
usually cattle or sheep vax, don’t know how protective or for how long
care with enzootic abortion vac - systemic and local reactions seen and abortion storms not common in camelids to need it
camelids - parasites
susceptible to most cattle and sheep parasites
hemonchus, nametodirus, ostertagia, fluke and potentially trichstrongylus axei (horse)
tapeworms don’t usually cause issue
can carry high burdens and not show signs - usually only young badly affected
signs -
soft feces
ill thrift
anemia - hemonchus
malaise
death - hemonchus - can just be found dead follow resp distress after birthing
FEC - 300-400eggs/gram consider treating
fluke/nematodirus/hemonchus - any eggs are noteworthy
stages of equine pre purchase exam
1 - preliminary exam -
external exam
visual, palpation, maniptulation - signs of injury
incisor teeth
exam eyes - darkened area
auscultation - heart and lungs
2 - walk and trot, in hand
walk and trot on lead
turn each way
back up a few paces
flexion and trot on circle - optional, but if not done record
can have limited 2 stage - owner needs to sign to confirm
3 - exercise
assessment at increase HR and RR
gait - walk, trot, canter
may need to gallop to get HR up
can lunge if not ridden horse - but record on certificate
4 - rest and re-exam
stand quiet, take off tack
monitor RR and HR
5 - second trot up
trot again - see if strain or injury from exercise
esp important for older horses
camelids - anthelmintics
benmidazoles - 2x sheep dose - fendendizole safe to use, don’t use albendazole in pregnant animals and careful with dose
levamisol - only use if can way, more toxic to camelids
macrocyclic lactones - 1-1.5x cattle/sheep dose, use moxidectin for hemonchus, can also use ivermectin - pour ons a waste of time - fleece
monepantel - 3x sheep dose
main horse joint supplement ingredients
chondroitin
glucosamine
hyaluronic acid
collagen
MSM
green lipped mussel
omega oils
devils claw - can’t use if competing
horse joint supplements - considerations
liver issues - including PPID
level of activity
actual issue - may not be a joint thing
sheep - trace elements
mg/kg dry matter
cobalt
zinc
selenium
iodine
iron
manganese
copper
sheep - major minerals
g/kg dry matter
calcium
magnesium
sodium
chlorine
potassium
sheep - selenium
antioxidant
associated with vit E
storage - muscles and liver
white muscle disease -
pale muscles at pm with symmetrical striations - due to oxidation in muscles
stiffness and unwillingness to rise
post 2 days - laying down
sudden death - cardiac muscle
decreased immunity
poor fertility
increased perinatal mortality
treatment - injectable selenium/vit E if caught early
prevention - supplement
sheep - cobalt
constituent part needed to make vitamin B12 - B12 needed for energy metabolism and production of RBCs
until weaned get it from dam
after make it in rumen
test - serum or liver B12
treatment -
drench - cheap but often, usually only until grown
injectable - 6 month duration
bolus - permanent but expensive
signs - poor growth, shit coat
sheep - copper
complex interactions - transport co factor, nerve function, immunity, pigmentation
easily toxic
toxicity signs - orange liver, orange mm (eyes), orange fat, die suddenly after minor stress
some breeds susceptible to toxicity or deficiency
stored in liver - level may not show in bloods
can sample from liver
antagonists of copper - zinc, iron, manganese, vit C - can cause copper deficit if too much
deficiecy -
swayback
demyelination of CNS
last 3rd of pregnancy with lambs - so born with the issue but may not show until a bit later - damage done, can’t fix it
may progress or level out
ataxia
sheep - calcium and magnesium
incoordination –> recumbency –> coma
can look like ketosis but kills much quicker
treat - calcium IV, usual to treat mag at same time
prevention - pre lambing nutrition and feed
more common in outdoor sheep
sheep - thiamine (vit B1)
either not getting enough (primary) or upset to rumen so not producing enough (secondary)
from diet in pre-ruminants, made in ruminants in rumen
needed for glucose metabolism
brain needs lots of glucose - neuro signs - go down, blind, star gazing
treat - B1/thiamine injection
sheep - iodine
stored in thyroid to make thyroxine
reduced intake or brassica eating - break down iodine
weak lamb
immune deficient
linked with selenium - selenium needed for iodin enzyme so selenium deficiency can lead to low iodine
testing - inorganic iodine, T4 (fluctuates a lot), thyroid testing at pm
sheep - zinc
immunity
skin integrity
horn integrity
more orf and ringworm in zinc deficient animals
cheap to test - include as standard
camelid - fluke treatment
triclabendacole - immature fluke - some resistance
closantel - immature fluke
albendazole - only adults - no data
nitroxynil - severe injection site reactions, swelling and systemic reactions including deaths and abortions - not suitable
clorsulon - needs to high a dose to be effective as usually only available in combo with ivermectin
camelids - coccidia spp
eimeria spp -
lame
alpacae
punoensis
macusaniensis
macusaniensis most marked signs
camelids - coccidia signs
weight loss
severe hypoproteinemia - even with low burden
decreasing immunity with age and stress
damage to intestinal lining
slow recovery and healing
can cause death
camelids - coccidia treatment
baycox - most often
albendazole
sulfonamide
lacking evidence - when most susceptible, when to start treating
treat after stress and do count before and after
FEC on incoming animals and quarantine to treat
feed and water away from dung pile to minimise contamination
camelids - mane signs
chorioptic and sarcoptic
mainly chorio
main skin condition in camelids
hair loss
reddening skin
raised skin areas
thickening of skin
chorioptic - more lower limbs caudal body
sarcoptic - more around head
but can spread between from itching so not sure diagnostic
sarcoptes - zoonotic
camelids - mange treatment
skin scrape diagnosis
interdigital space and edge of lesion best
ivermectin - first line - sarcoptes need injection, choroptes pour on
if not sure so 2x injection then 2x pour on
3-4 treatment 7-10 days apart
lime sulphur in vaseline for active lesions
frontline - shown some efficacy
treat whole group
keep ivermectin away from water sourved
severe cases - keratolytic shamoo, topical acaride (frontline), remove crusts, systemic antibiotics (secondary infection), amitraz (i everything else fails - care if pregnant or open lesions, vet must apply)
camelids - flies
black fleeced more affected
elbow, ventral abdomen, knees and face - where fleece thinner
flystrike around perineum or over body - wet stained fleece, can be associated with wounds
camelids - hyperkeratosis
weaning age
cause unknown
lesions around muzzle
ddx - orf, photosensitivty, chemical burn, sever mange
check liver for photosensitivity
symptomatic treatment - NSAIDs, antibiotics, lotions
camelids - caseous lymphadentitis (CLA)
rule out in all superficial skin lumps
corynebacterium pseudotuberculum
FNA for culture before lancing - quick spread in feed trough if open
lumps
raised lymph nodes in neck
camelids - gastric ulceration
very common
all age groups
non specific signs - reduced appetite, weight loss, just not quite right
usually distal 3rd stomach or proximal duodenum
can be triggered by stress - esp hospitalisation
prophylactic treatment if not eating well - injected ranitidine or pantoprazole
camelids - bovine tuberculosis
m bovis + other strains
not subject to statutory controls
notifiable
wide array of lesins - miliary abscessation on liver and spleen, abscess on lungs and others, subtle lesions on trachea
cull if diagnosies
signs -
vague
weight loss
maybe cough - unresponsive to antibiotics and NSAIDs
subclinical or just not quite right
quick spread
zoonotic
intradermal skin test not very good in camelids
serological tests better - used more often
camelids - causes of anemia
chronic disease
hemonchus
fluke
gastric ulcers
hemolysis - nitrate poisoning, brassicas, red maple
ivermectin toxicity
mycoplasma
hemorrhage
bone marrow suppresion - rare
camelids - anemia - signs and testing
pale mm, white conjunctiva
cold extremities
ddx - cardiovascular compromise - see pulse deficit not present in anemia
hematology - manual, eliptical RBCs often mistaken for plasma in compute
PCV - manual
camelid - blood tranfusion
can cope with lower pCV - adapted for altitude
tranfusion at PCV 8 or less
only one blood group
healthy adult donor - preferably not late pregnancy
1L donor blood - should increase PCV around 5%
camelid - castration
15-18 months - 12 month minimum - preputial attachment of penis needs testosterone to break down, also ortho problems
tetanus prophylaxis - within 8 months before surgery - usually included in clostridia vax
withhold concentrates 24h before, forage and water from morning of
antibiotics - go straight into contaminate environment - penicilin or amoxycillin
NSAIDs - hurts
make sure both testes there
standing under manual restraint and mild sedation and local
care - susceptible to lidocaine toxicity
or triple stun - xylazine, ketamine and butorphanol IV - recumbant
or caudal epidural
complications -
support neck and head in recovery
soft tissue prolapse through insicison site - risk of infection and flystrike
camelids - retained incisors
deciduous white, perm more dirty colour, broader and parallel sides
be sure which is which before removal
if note struggling to eat and not lots of undigested food in feces - leave
otherwise remove - GA
NB - don’t trim unless poor BCS or signs of chewing issues
camelids - jaw and tooth root abscess
common
signs - subtle swelling to dischargin sinus tracts, may have asymmetry
often well masked by long fleece
fistula from maxillary abscess - ocular discharge
usually mandible
treat - aggressive - high dose antibiotics, 6-8 weeks (usually gram -ve
surgery - remove affected tooth (if leave often have flare up again months later)
diagnosis - radiography, exam, CRT
routine dental check as part of herd health plan
camelids - sedation
not classed as food producing - may change
triple stun - xylazine, ket butorph - IV
abrahamson mix - same but IM - larger dose
cria - butor[ph and diazepam - avoid xylazine because less resistant to CV effects
cuffed ET - stylet to feed in
closed circuit small animal machine - 2-3 L flow
avoid xylazine if urolithiasis - increased urine –> rupture
induction - xylazine or detomidine and ketamine
maintenance - gas inhalant
recovery - hypothermia, support neck, leave tube in long as poss (nasal breathers)
analgesia - fentanyl patch (12 hr to peak), butorphanol ( 60 mins to effect) buprenorphine (6-8 hours), meloxicam (24 hours - something else needed to cover delay)
camelids - abortion
gestation - 345 days + fornight either side
same infectious and non infectious causes as sheep and cattle
if in doubt assume infectious
but rareer
camelids - dystocia
not common
positioning - usually easily fixable, just head back
consider c section early if not - long necks and legs, hard to correct - if more than 15 mins trying
vaginal manipulation not so easy
be very gentle
lots of lube
camelids - c section
local
butorphanol sedation
lie in right lateral - in through left flank - don’t do standing
less obvious layers than other species
care not to hit spleen
lavage to wash - not swab
camelids - retained foetal membranes
membrane weight - 800-1000g
retained if not out after 6 hours
gentle pull
oxytocin - gentler than in ruminants
systemic exam - temp fo sepsis
avoid antibiotics - will slow down necrosis and that’s needed for membranes to come away
only give if pyrexic
camelids - uterine torsion
any time in last trimester
if see colic signs in a heavily pregnant animal - check for this
usually cranial to cervix so can only feel on rectal, not vaginal
camelids - other periparturient conditions
vaginal prolapse
uterine prolapse
mastitis
endometritis
porcine circovirus - sub-categories
post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)
porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)
post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrom (PMWS) - pigs
3-4 weeks post weaning - usually wean in good condition
signs -
yellow scour
weight loss
huddling against wall
death
pm lesions - yellow watery intestinal contents, inguinal lymph node congestion, lymphoid depletion on histo (pathognomonic), interstitial pneumonia,
positive immunohistochemistry for PCV2 virus
ddx - salmonella, rotavirus
transmission - fecal shedding
porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
porcine circovirus
grower or finisher pigs
raised red macules and papules on skin - extremitis, ears and crotum
pm lesions - multifocal hemorrhagic nephritis (turkey egg look)
ddx - african or classical swine fever (similar looking kidneys) - notifiable, need to rule these out
porcine circovirus vaccination
circoflex - weaning - very good
circovac - sows and breeding gilts
post weaning diarrhoea (PWD) - pigs
e coli
enterotoxigenic types - toxins - can cause bowel oedema
capsule - protective at stomach pH
lipopolysaccharide - adhesion
fimbrae - adhesion
hemolytic type - cause hemolysis
classified by virulence factors - enteropathogenic, entertoxigenic, shiga-toxin forming, necrotoxic, speticemic and unpathogenic
signs -
enteritis post weaning - small intestinal - 2 weeks post
poor growth in piglets
peri anal staining
watery gry brown diarrhoea with no blood or mucus
diagnosis -
signs
charcoal swab - intestinal contents best, then rectal swab, then pooled fecal (more contamination risk)
fecal scoring
coliform colonies, lacto fermenting, gam negative, non-spore forming
ETEC most common in post weaning diarrhoea outbreaks
E coli prevention - pigs
older weaning age - better immune function - usually wean 21 days, extensive may be 35, weaning associated with villous atrophy and crypt hypoplasis so already immune challenge
develop healthy gut - crumb feed from 7 days and introduve creep they’ll be weaned to 7 days before weaning to get them used to it
increase fibre pre weaning - develops lactobacilli
hygiene - reduced pathogen load
probiotics - competitive excluder
reduced environmental stress - avoid cold temp, darughts - stress bad for immune function
vaccination
salmonella - pigs
similar signs to e coli
zoonotic
lots of strains - main one is salmonella enterica typhimurium
multi drug resistant
signs -
any age after weaning but usually first 6-10 weeks
low BCS
dehydration
lethargy
neuro signs - sometimes in enteritis type, always in septicemic
found dead - septicemic form
enlarged LNs - enteritis form
button ulcers in colon - enteritis form
thickened intestinal walls - cheesy looking necrosis
yellow watery diarrhoea, sometime with blood, sometimes mucus, very smelly
button ulcers - need to rule out swine fever
diagnosis -
signs
fecal analysis
necrosis on histopath
salmonella prevention - pigs
control birds and vermin
care with incoming pigs
fomites
vax - to sow or to piglet at weaning
daily scrape down
clean bedding daily
muck out
careful feed storage
control visitors
reduced wheat and barley content in feed - feeds salmonella
all in all out
swine dysentery
brachyspira hyodysentariae - spirochete, gram negative
colon
high morbidity - economic impact
signs -
brown grey profuse watery diarrhoea - with blood and mucus
wasting
high mortality for a diarrhoea - 25%
diagnosis -
blood and mucus in feces
brachyspira PCR and culture
pm - sever chronic diffuse fubronecrotising colitis
not notifiable but red tractor requires reporting if on scheme - others on scheme then notified location but not farm name
treat - tiamulin or lincomycin in water + individual treamtne
macrolides if not successful
needs treated - welfare issue
no vax
all in all out best prevention
ileitis types - pigs
porcine intestinal adenopathy
proliferative enteropathy
both lawsonia intracellularis
in ileum to distal small intestine
inflammation
vaccine available
qPCR on feces
silver staining on histopath
porcine intestinal adenopathy (PIA)
6 weeks post weaning
subclin to clinical
grey pasty feces
thickened distal ileum at ileocaecal junction
may recover but need euthanised because ileum fucked
proliferative enteropathy -pigs
older pigs - 12 weeks post weaning
bloody rope ileum appearance
pale pigs
digested blood in feces
found dead in severe cases - hemorrhage through ulcerations into ileum
legislation - local authority inspections
dangerous wild animals act 1976 ( + NI 2004)
zoo licensing act 1981 ( + NI 2003)
animal welfare (licensing of activities involving animals) (England) regulations - AAL
DWA inspection
dangerous wild animals act
licenses keeping of dangerous species - wide range mammals, birds, reptiles and invertebrates
Fi hybrids
some species seem like they should be under it but arent
pre - inspection -
research husbandry - extrapolate from domestic or similar species if needed
use BVA template
inspection -
keeping should not be contrary to public interest
check species and how many
are needs met
enclosure constructed to stop escape
biosec
AAL inspections
animal activities license
covers -
selling as pets
boarding
hiring out horses
breeding
keeping or training for exhibition
do they need a license?
tax exempt to £1k per year - unlikely to be under this dog breeing
need licensce if more than 3 litters per year regardless of money
breeding license separate from selling
relevant docs - diet, puppy plans, cleaning, training
checklist to ensure conditions met
hiring horses - inspections need an extra qualification, separate person
iceberg disease of sheep
johnes - paratuberculosis
maedi-visna
ovine pulmonary adenomatosis - jaagsietke
caseous lymphadenitis - CLA
border disease
johnes - sheep
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis - MAP
chronic
shed before signs
diarrhoea only in terminal stages in sheep
signs at around 4yo
underdiagnosed
often culled for mastitis or poor fertility without knowing why
infects macrophages of SI peyers patches - granulomatous enteritis
chronic weight loss
poor fleece quality
often infertile
diagnosis -
group blood test - hypoalbuminemia (from damaged intestine), blood ELISA (low sensitivity, high specificity)
fecal samples - bacteiology - poor diagnostic power
post mortem - emaciation, thickening and ridging of ileum, enlarged msesnteric lymph nodes
histopath for confirmation
vax - infection site granulomas common in sheep, can have issues caused by poor injection technique
medi visna - sheep
lentivirus
long incubation
lifelong infection
highly contagious - close contact, inhalation, milk/colostrum, contaminated needles
closely related to CAE - interspecies transmission possible
notifiable in NI
progressive pneumonia and neuro deficits
eventually fatal but production losses until then over long period
thin ewes - 4-5 yo
chronic mastitis
progressive weakness/toe dragging
reduced fertility
arthritis
no treatment or vax
test and cull
biosec
Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA - Jaagsietke) - sheep
contagious tumour
resp transmission
retrovirus
2 year incubation
tumours in lungs - fill with fluid
secondary bacterial infections
weight loss
dyspnoea - esp walking/running
exercise intolerance - lag behind flock
wheel barrow test - lots of fluid out of noise
pm - grossly enlarged lung, destroyed lung tissue, tumouts
no treatment, no recovery
caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) - sheep
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
cutaneous and visceral forms
cutaneous - suppurative necrotising inflammation of superficial LNs - easily palpated
visceral - mediastinal and bronchial LNs and internal organs - identified at slaughter
lymph node abscess - looks like onion, or can be pus filled
often subclinical
chronic, lifelong infection
transmission - close contact, contaminated shearing equipment, fight leading to head injuries (rams)
very contagious
ddx - tuberculosis, infected injection site
no treatment, no vax
zoonotic
pestiviruses - sheep
border disease virus
(BVD and classical swine fever also pestiviruses)
potential for interspecies transmission
persistent infection - if ewe infected early gestation and lamb survives - acts as constant spreader to rest of flock (like BVD)
abortion in many infected ewes
may be culled as barren without knowing
hairy shaker - extra hairy lambs with tremors (hypermyelination of nervous system)
ddx - other causes of abortion (test aborted material), swayback (lambs from copper deficient ewe - weak, poor limb coordination, fine head tremors)
no treatment, no vax
cull persistently infected
Pregnancy diagnosis - dog
abdominal palpation - 25-35 days - walnut shaped, can be confused with fecal balls, may be able to feel enlarged uterine horn (not reliable)
relaxin in blood - 22 days - need 2 samples 1 week apart to confirm a negative
ultrasound - 25-35 days - can see puppies but not how many
x ray - 40-43 days - can count how many, useful in dystocia
pregnancy termination - dog
alizin - before 35 days - 2 injections 24 hours apart, expensive and painful, can cause necrosis at injection site
prostaglandin - off license - breaks down CL to stop progesterone production
spay - more common in cats, very large blood vessels
dog - length of season
7-9 days
egg release day 2
divisions before viable - day 5
vaginal cytology - when 75% changed from simple cuboidal to straified then ready for implantation
hormone production in cycle - cow
oestrodiol - from granulosa cells of follicle - behavioural oestrous signs, uterine and cervical changes with oestrus, positive feedback to hypothalamus, and good for uterus immunity
progesterone - from CL - maintenance of pregnancy, negative feedback on hypothalamus
GnRH - from hypothalamus - FSH and LH release
FSH - pituitary - follicular development to 4mm
LH - pituitary - follicular development after 4mm and maturation
Prostaglandin - from endometrium - luteolysis
oxytocin - from CL - uterine contractility, milk let down
not seen bulling - causes
persistant CL
cystic ovaries
endometritis - leading to persistant CL
treatment - persistent CL
Prostaglandin - induce lutolysis
treatment - cystic ovaries
progesterone and GnRH injection - form CL and induce ovulation
treatment - endometritis with persistent CL
Prostaglandin and intrauterine antibiotics
voluntary waiting period - cattle
time between calving and breeding again
usually 45-50 days
post natal checks - cattle
2-4 weeks post calving
prioritise at risk - dystocia, twins, retained foetal membranes, still births
care with hygiene
manual exam of vaginal canal - endometritis
graded - only treat at grade 2 or 3
treatment - prostaglandin, antibiotics, povidine iodine infusions in chronic cases
pregnancy diagnosis - cow
rectal palpation - 35 days
rectal ultrasound - 35 days standard, possible from 20
milk progesterone - if low at 24 days after AI probably not pregnant, but can’t say definitely not because sometimes high anyway
pregnancy associated glycoproteins - 28 days - produced by calf - good indicator but will stay high just after recent abortion or foetal loss
synchronisation - cows
ovusynch - GnRH and prostaglandins
PRID/CIDRs - progesterone implanted device, GnRh, prostaglandins
National bee unit
part of APHA
responsible for running bee health programme for england and wales
bee treatment
if notifiable - inform bee inspector
destruction
antibiotics - if low level then oxytet
shook swarm
notifiable diseases of bees
american foul brood
european foul brood
american foul brood - bees
after sealing
spore forming bacteria
spores viable for 40 years and can like on old equipment and combs
sunken grey cappings
black scale at bease of cell which can’t be removed
very sick colony
invades tissue
unpleasant smell
fatal
not stress related, can infect strong bees
can be contracted through feeding contaminated foreign honey
european foul brood - bees
early larval stage
twisted larva in cell
melted looking larva
discoloured larva
bacteria ingested and multiply in gut and create competition for nutrition
bacteria ejected as larva dies and spread by nurse bees
long latent periods - comes and goes
can be spread by robbing infected colonies
chalkbrood disease - bees
fungal - ascocphaera apis
rarely fatal in adults but decreased production and secondary disease
larva die in pupae - mummified
mummified larvae often uncapped and deposited on floor of hive or by entranbce
deformed wing virus - bees
associated with carroa mite infestation - can occur without it but more common and more destructive together
wings distorted, misshapen, twisted or wrinkled
increase in mites in late summer/early autumn
time when drones kicked out so colony size shrinks - easily overwhelmed by mites
chronic bee paralysis virus
type 1 -
trembling wings
spread or dislocated wings
body paralysis
unable to fly - crawl around
bloated abdomen
dysentery symptoms
die within a few days
colony may collapse, usually at height of season
type 2 -
hairless and dark coloured bees
shiny greasy look in bright light
nibbling attacks on healthy beesa
infected often barred entry so may look like robber bees
husbandry and hygiene important
avoid overcrowding
ensure enough food so not stressed
varroa mite - bees
main bee parasite
vector for other disease
control -
mechanical methods - queen trapping, drone brood removal, artifical swarm
organic oils/acids - oxalic acid, formic acid, thymol
pesticides - flumethrin, amitraz, tau-fluvalinate
sheep anthelmintic groups
1 - white - benmidazole
2 - yellow - levamisoles
3 - clear - macrocyclic lactones
4 - orange - amino-acetylonitrile derivatives
5 - purple - spironidoles
often contain trace cobalt and selenium
resistance seen to all groups - worst for 1, emerging to 4,5
FEC - sample techniques
pooled sample - should represent 10% flock size
fresh sample - <1 hour old
give full pasture, feed and water access before samples taken
check sheep every 4-6 weeks in healthy sheep in grazing period
expel air and refrigerate
test again after treatment - 2 weeks unless group 2 wormer used
sheep parasite species - location
abomasum -
hemonchus contortus
teladorsagia circumcinta
small intestine -
trichostrongyles
nematodirus
large intestine -
trichuris spp
sheep - hemonchus contortus
don’t usually get diarrhoea
bottle jaw
anemia –> mass sudden deaths in lambs with poor BCS
slow growth rate
no age related immunity
midspring - august - mass emergence of L3 larvae in warmer whether
assess burden based on colour of mm
sheep - nematodirus battus
larvae shed to grass and eaten again
treat if any eggs seen at FEC
elevated Hr
profuse dark watery diarrhoea
treat - white wormers, very responsive
risk factors -
lambs first on grass - 6-12 weeks
sudden cold snap followed by warmer weather
stressors - triplets, fostering, old ewes
mixed age groups
pasture grazed by lambs last spring
sheep - parasitic gastroenteritis
usually need both teladorsagis circumcinta and trichostrongylus infection
ill thrift
sheep - teladorsagia circumxinta
contributes to parasitic gastroenteritis but usually doesn’t cause it on it’s own
abomasal gastric gland damage due to emergence of larvae and presence of adults on its surface
profuse watery diarrhoea
loss of BCS
inappetence
dehydration –> death
mid-late summer
1st season lambs at grazing
sheep - trichostrongylus spp
contributes to parasitic gastroenteritis
SI damage through penetration of mucosal surface
dark scour
weight loss and poor gain
hollow looking lambs
late summer and autumn
sheep - neamtode control plan
quarantine - minimum 4 weeks, don’t forget rams
group 4/5 wormer as quarantine drench
turn out onto clean pasture - rested 12 months
FEC - every 4-5 weeks in grazing
FECRT - at least one reduction count per year, 2 weeks after treatment
SCOPs forecast - don’t wait for diarrhoea and high FEC
break dose - different wormer used late summer
vaccination for H contortus
ram resistance types
resistant - good weight gain when high challenge but doesn’t kill parasites and still shed and has FEC
tolerant - low FEC, kills parasites, ideal
susceptible - poor performance in high burden, sheds - worst
bio active forage
eg. chicory, heather, birdseed trefoil
anthelmintic properties - tannin rich, reduce egg hatch and survival of larvae on pasture
can be included in ration
combine with clover to ensure enough energy for weight gain
sheep - liver fluke
fasciola hepatica
wet summers –> increased snails, summer infection, signs in autumn
winter infection less common - delayed development so shed to pasture following srping - lamb losses
acute - quick onset, sudden death, weak, dull anemic ewes - large numbers of immature fluke so don’t show on FEC
sub-acute - rapid, weight loss, fleece defects, anemia, reduced ewe fertility - eggs on FEC, october-january
chronic - progressive weight loss, ill thrift, bottle jaw, puffy eyelids - adults in liver, will show on FEC
sheep - liver fluke - testing
FEC - only for sub-acute or chronic, need large sample
Fecal coprantigen - longer turnaround, smaller sample, picks up earlier than FEC, if negative retest 4-6 weeks
post mortem - fluke in liver tracts, can do on farm
ELISA - 2-4 weeks after infection, antibodies can stay high for long time after infection gone
liver markers - change after a few weeks of fluke infection
sheep - liver fluke - treatment
triclabendazole - immature and adult - lots of resistance seen
closantel - 6 weeks and older flukes, some effect on immature and prevents egg laying in adults better than other products
nitroxynil - targeted treatment, low resistance, 6 weeks and older flukes but sometimes hard to get in UK
albendazole - adult flukes only, group 1 so care with use as encourages resistance in other worms
sheep - liver fluke - prevention
control pasture for snail
fence of wet areas
drainage or gravel or lime around pipes, troughs and gateways (also good for lameness)
monitoring
quarantine incoming stock
strategic treatment of at risk groups
monthly blood elisa to inform treatment
care with wormers - if chronic and FEC showing eggs use adult only product
abattoir reports and post mortems
categories of antibiotics
A - never used on farm
B - heavily restrcted, not often used
C - used with caution, preferably culture and sensitivity before using
D - first line, prescribed most often, no resistance seen yet and not used in human
first line - amoxycillin, tetracycline, penicillin, and TMPs
withdrawal periods
statutory for unlicensed products -
meat - 28 days
milk - 7 days
egg - 7 days
meat from fist - 500 degree days
licensed - stated times
maximum residue limits (MRL)
calculated based on acceptable amount a human can have in their body per day
MRL annexes
1 - sufficient data to establish an MRL
2 - sufficient data to establish they are safe, MRL still needed
3 - provisional MRL established but more info needed
4 - drug prohibited in food producing animal - too much risk or not assessed enough for an MRL
common drugs banned in food producing animals
chlorampenacol
metaclopramide
atipamazole
metronidazole
diazepam
NSAIDs and steroids licensed in food producing animals
meloxicam
flunixin
ketoprofen
carprofen
corticosteroids
fertility drugs licensed in food producing animals
prostaglandin
GNrH
origesterone releasing intravaginal devuse
anaesthetic drugs licensed in food producing animals
ketamine
butorphanol
isoflurane
lidocaine/procaine/mepivicaine
sedatives licensed in food producing animals
xylazine
detomidine/romifidine
euthanasia drugs licensed in food producing animals
pentobarbitol
pigs - licensed drugs
sedatives - azerperone
anaesthetics - ketamine (only licensed with azerperone)
locals - procaine, bupivicaine, lidocaine
pigs - azerpone
main sedative always used
POM-V
care in liver compromised patients
used to treat aggression, stress, obstetrics and premed - lower dose licensed for first 3 than for premed
side effects -
peripheral vasodilation -m can get hot, do surgery on damp straw
penile prolapse in boars - nasty
salivation and panting
accidental fatalities from injecting into fat - esp vietnamese pot bellied pigs
hard to sedate if any adrenaline - need low stress environment
if gorge when wake up - may cause torsion
IM injection
restrict feed when come round
pigs - ketamine
only licensed when used with azaperone pre med
neuromuscular excitement if not given with sedative
IM only licensed but can do IV off license
increased muscle tone
salivation
increased alertness to sound - want a quiet place
nystagmus
pupil dilation
resp depression - place in sternal in recovery
pigs - hormone drugs
induction of farrowing -
prostaglandin - lots licensed, takes a while to work so don’t repeat injections
side effects if used incorrectly -
weak piglets
low birth weights
poor lung development
oxytocin/carbetocin - carbetocin is an oxytocin analogie
causes smooth muscle contraction
carbetocin - longer acting, only needs given once, licensed for uterine atony, supportive therapy in MMA syndrome, initiation of parturition, shortening of labour process
oxytocin - licensed so long as fully dilated cervix
synchronisation -
progesterone - maintains CL, given every day for 18 days
oral drench or mixed into feed
induction of oestrous -
gonadotrophin releasing factor analogue - anti GNrH injection, in males as alternative to surgical castration and in females to avoid unwanted pregnancies
pigs - licensed NSAIDs
meloxicam - oral and injectable
ketoprofen - injectable
flunixin - not licensed, no real need for it
pigs - respiratory parasites
metastrongylus - lungworm
ascaris suum
pigs - respiratory disease complex - mechanisms
mucocilliary damage
immune suppression
altered cytokine response
affected macrophage functions
different pathogens do one or more and enable others
pig - pig respiratory disease complex - pneumonia types
suppurative bronchopenumonia - pus, bacteria, cranioventral consolidation - eg lung mycoplasma
fibrino-necrotising pleuropneumonia - more focal, cheesy fibrin over pleura
interstitial - viral, patchwork pattern eg PRRS
broncho-interstitial - only in cases where swine flu is one of the agents
pigs - pig respiratory disease complex - mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
“gateway disease”
ciliostasis - can’t move mucus, lose goblet cells, and cause apoptosis of macrophages - reduced lung immunity
slow spreading and shedding, signs take a while, can travel up to 9km as aerosol
signs -
dry hacking cough
laboured breathing
poor growth
mortality increase from secondary pathogens
diagnosis -
lesions - supparative bronchopenumonia on om, cranioventral
PCR - plain swab - swab over lower resp tract on pm, not from lesion itself. in live pig tracheal or pharyngeal swab
ddx - swine flu A
enzootic pneumonia type lesions - mycoplasma with another pathogen
vaccination - ususally given at weaning combined with PCV2 vax
management -
ventilation
reduce dust
all in all out
treat -
tatracyclines or pleuromutilins
treat group rather than individuals
NSAIDs
pigs - pig respiratory disease complex - porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS)
virus
2 strains -
1 - europe - generally less virulent
2 - north america - more virulent, passive surveilence in UK
aerosol and repro fluid spread
ingestion or in through skin break –> regional macrophages –> LNs –> infection systemic macrophages –> viremia
dysregulates antigen presenting cells and other immune cells and neutralises antibodies
signs -
fertility - abortion, ealry farrowings, weak piglets, SMEDI, stillbirths, poor conception rates
respiratory - coughing, blue ear, other resp outbreaks from secondary disease
general - wasting, inappetence
can get serious quite quickly
diagnosis -
PCR/ELISA on saliva
PCR on blood - only in viremia phase
sample of lymphatic tissue - LNs, spleen, tonsils
PCR or histopath on lung tissue
management -
vax - sows, weaners or both, every 3 months, IM or intradermal
all in all out
ventilation
cleaning
pigs - pig respiratory disease complex - swine influenza A
virus
reverse zoonosis
signs -
cough - lasts 7-10 days
pyrexia
runny nose
may see fertility signs
usually self limiting
diagnosis -
PCR nasal swabs - but only shed for short time
paired serology - ELISA to screen, HAIT to know strain
vax available for 2 streains
pigs - pig respiratory disease complex -0 actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
mild to severe based on the toxin that serotype produces
grower to finisher pigs (>35kg)
aerosol –> tonsils —> lower rep, cytotoxic effects on macrophages
signs -
poor feeding
bloody froth at nose
thumping breathing but no cough
high mortality
diagnostics -
signs
pm - fibrinous necro-hemorrhage in lungs, pericarditis
culture and sensitivity
management -
treat - amoxycillin, tetracycline
manage whole group
vax
temperature, ventilation, low stress
equine parturition - stage 1
preparatory
30 mins-4 hours
foal rotates
cervical relaxation
increased uterine contractions
foal forefeet and muzzle pushed into cervix
helpful to wrap tail to keep it out the way
signs -
restless
flank watching
frequent urination
stretchinf
sweating
standing and lying
rolling
tail swishing
can look like mild colic
end of stage 1 - waters break, colourless or straw coloured fluid
equine parturition - stage 2
delivery
20-30 mins
quick and explosive
continued cervical dilation
foal at pelvic inlet - triggers powerful abdominal contractions
oxytocin release from pituitary gland - reinforces contractions
signs -
usually laid in lateral
amnion at vulva within 5 mins of waters breaking
amnion ruptures
front feet and nose out - check presentation
mare will often rest 10-15 mins once foals hips are through
umbilical cord attached until mare stands or foal tries to stand
stage 2 duration linked with foal survival - every 10 min increase past 30 mins associated with 10% increase in death
end of stage 2 - rupture of umbilicus
equine parturition - stage 3
expulsion of placenta
10 mins - 3 hours
expulsion of foetal membranes
uterine involution
make sure all membranes out
placenta should look like trousers with a bag attached at the crotch
parturition stage timings by species
mare -
1-12 hours
30 mins
<3 hours
cow -
4-24 hours
30 mins - 3 hours
12-16 hours
ewe -
6 - 12 hours
30 mins - 1 hour
3 - 6 hours
sow -
12 - 24 hours
30 mins - 4 hours
4 hours
equine - causes of dystocia
slightly more common in first time foaling
emergency
abnormal orientation of foetus - most common
foetal abnormality - usually limb contracture, others inclduing hydrocephalus, twinning
fetal oversize - rare, not related to gestational age
mare factors - uterine inertia, exhaustion, orthopedic conditions (Eg pelvic fracture)
equine parturition - when to intervene
failure of progression of stage 2 after 20 mins
malpresentation
somthing at vulva that shouldn’t be there
severe colic - mare seeming more painful than they should be, thrashing around a lot
equine - assisted vaginal delivery
manual attempt to deliver per vagina
attempt for no more than 20 mins
mare awake or slightly sedated
correct postural abnormalities
pull with contractions - easier and less risk of damage
ropes or chains can be used on foals legs or heads but no calving jacks
prep for next stage while doing just in case - jugular catheter and pre med
equine parturition - controlled vaginal delivery
vaginal delivery under GA
no uterine contractions or straining under GA
elevate hindquarters to push foetus back in first to give room to reposition
best done in hospital - need something to lift hindlimbs
warm water and lube pumped into uterus with stomach tube and pump
once repositioned then lower legs and pull foal out by traction
prep for next stage while doing this just in case - clip abdomen, surgical scrub prepared
equine parturition - c-section or fetotomy
if no progress at controlled vaginal delivery after 15-20 mins
ventral midline under GA
terminal c-section if mare has fatal injury and just needing to save foal
fetotomy if sure foal is dead - need to be very carefully if want mare to be able to foal again
equine parturition - red bag
premature placental separation
placenta starts to come away from uterus
placenta presents at vulva stage one without being ruptured - can see cervical star on placenta
uncommon
quick intervention needed, foal likely to be deprived of oxygen
manually rupture bag and deliver foal ASAP
postparturient hemorrhage - equine
usually rupture of middle uterine artery during stage 2
more likely in older mares after multiple pregnancies
bleed usually contained in broad ligament - hematoma - no blood visible internally
postparturient hemorrhage - equine - signs
often no blood visible
if bleeding escapes broad ligament - uncontrolled bleeding into abdomen - more serious
violent colic - stretching of broad ligament
flehmen response - lip curling
cardiovascular shock - if happens then shock signs will be more apparent than colic signs -
tachycardia
weak pulse
sweating
muscle fasciculations
pale mms
recumbency
prolonged CRT
may be fatal
postparturient hemorrhage - equine - diagnosis
signs - esp in shock - recumbent with abdomen full of blood, pale mm
more difficult if confined to broad ligament
may be able to palpate rectally - but can be painful and may disrupt clot
bloods - in acute stages may see normal RBC parameters, may see hypoproteinemia, high lactate
US - free blood in abdomen
abdominocentesis - confirm presence of blood
postparturient hemorrhage - equine - treatment
transexamic acid - antifibrinolytic - stabilise clot
shock treatment - fluids, NSAIDs, oxygen
whole blood transfusion - don’t often have blood bags around, can do by autotransfusion with blood from abdomen through as doesn’t clot
if quite stable -
conservative treatment - leave quiet in box with foal, allow a certain level of hypotension and monitor, if get through first few hours may just recover on their own
postparturient metritis - equine
inflammation of uterine wall
deeper than endometritis
becomes more permeable - allows bacteria and toxins into circulation
leads to endotoxemia or bacteremia
usually following dystocia or retained foetal membranes for considerable time
signs -
fever
anorexia
laminitis
laminitis potentially life threatening - toxins affect laminae, can affect all four limbs
treat -
foot support and icing
systemic broad spectrum antibiotics
NSAIDs
IV fluids if need cardiovascular support
large volume lavage twice daily to remove uterine contaminants
postparturient uterine tear/rupture - equine
direct from foal during dystocia or from manipulation to correct
usually at tip of pregnant horn
full or partial thickness
signs dependant on tear and degree of contamination
interval from occurrence of tear to treatment key in likelihood of survival
evisceration of gut through tear - rare but fatal complication
diagnosis -
often difficult - tear may be small or in an awkward area
degree of contamination not always correlated with size of tear
peritonitis within 5 days of foaling - colic, fever, depression
abdominocentesis - high nucleated WBCs and TP, sometimes bacteria
examination of placenta - may have defect where tear is
endoscopy - good visualisation but have to inflate uterus which could make tear worse
treat -
medical - antibiotics, NSAIDs, oxytocin to promote uterine involution
surgical repair
postm parturient prolapse - equine
usually uterine but still uncommon
usually after dystocia
associated with hypocalcemia
maybe complicated by bladder or intestine involvement or concurrent hemorrhage from vessels torn while prolapsing
treat -
replace uterus
support prolapse at level of vulva and take weight off
usually can be done under sedation but if straining alot may need epidural or GA
remove any foetal membranes still attached first
gentle massage and ensure fully replaced
broad spectrum antibiotics and NSAIDs - prevent metritis and inflammation
oxytocin
purse string suture - optinonal
daily lavage - mitigate metritis, do as long as fluid coming back out looks grim
good prognosis with treatment
future fertility affected by how damaged uterus is and how well it is replaced
postparturient perineal injuries - equine
more common than in other species - maybe because stage 2 so quick
vaginal tears or vaginal hematoma, can be accompanied by uterine tear
3rd degree tear - more extensive, usually from abnormal foal presentation
usually not a big problem - look bad but can delay treatment until 3 weeks after foaling so oedema and inflammation go down, get better idea of how it is
mare should be given season off breeding
may create hematoma at vulva - big lump, bleeds outwardly
usually recover with rest and antiinflammatories over around 10 days
postparturient cervial tears - equine
usually from foaling without cervix relaxed enough or too much traction applied when not ready
prognosis dependant on size and location of tear
may have impact on future fertility
surgical repair possible but may still have loss of cervical function - permanent infertility, need cervix to form tight seal
diagnosis - digital palpation, ideally after foal heat
postparturient inversion of uterine horn tip - equine
uncommon
usually after excessive traction on retained foetal membranes
mild colic signs
if left inverted can go necrotic and cause peritonitis
can compromise further uterus use
treatment - manual reduction with gloved hand, lavage with large volumes of fluid
diagnosis - mares with known retained membranes who are still showing colic signs after removal
postparturient GI complications - equine
constipation -
common after traumatic foaling, painful to pass feces
laxative and soft feed after foaling
bruising of viscera
from foal kicking or repositioning
small colon of caeca
may lead to ischemic necrosis
colic and peritonitis
rupture of viscera -
extreme cases, usually caused by foal
endotoxic shock - usually fatal
native deer species
red
fallow
roe
invasive deer species
sika
muntjac - legally classed as invasive
chinese water deer
domesticated deer species
reindeer
red deer
largest native species
only widely farmed species
good temperament
short day seasonal breeders - rut september-november
calving april-july
normal and white varieties
fallow deer
not often farmed - wild or park
short day breeder, slightly later than red deer
palmated antlers
more nervous and fractious
difficult to handle
stay in large groups
roe deer
wild only - stress in captive groups and when confined
smaller than other native species
long day seasonal breeders - delayed implantation, fertilised embryo arrests until good time
solitary - small family groups
skia deer
parks - fractious temperament
spotty bambi deer
genetically similar to red deer but smaller
muntjac
tiny
all year round breeder
invasive species
illegal to release outside of park
small antlers
distinctive barking sound
chinese water deer
nervous temperament
small
no antlers
fangs
reindeer
domesticated in UK
exhibition and pet groups, hired out round xmas
males usually castrated - can cause health issue but needed or will get aggressive
both sexes grow antlers
sociable temperament
deer behaviour general
prey species
new to domestication
seasonal aggression
different social cues frome other species and between deer species
deer farms
almost all venison
mostly red deer
regularly handled - but still risky, esp during rut
must go through abattoir
routine management -
antlers off annually after velvet stripped
all tagged
weighing - for meds
vaccination
scanning - conception rates
trace element supplementation
weaning of young
medications and treatments - eg worming
wild deer issues
likely issues -
injuries
RTAs
orphaned deer
easily stressed - usually euthanise
care for risk to staff
awareness of laws important - need to know where different species can be released
park deer
not routinely handled
may have public access
narrow gene pool - population management, kept at fixed level, counts through year
can be problems associated with inbreeding
venison has to go through game dealer, can’t be marketed as farmed
manage by shooting if injured or sick, don’t catch
no medication or routine antler removal
may have feeding arrangements and things to play with or not
deer legislation
veterinary surgeons act -
mentioned in reference to de-antlering - act of veterinary surgery if in velvet (under anaesthetic)
also darting counts as act of vet surgery
deer act 1981 -
permissions and offences of wild and park deer - need a license to catch these alive for research or translocation (can’t do for other purposes)
animal welfare act
transport welfare
tuberculosis in animals order 2021 -
all enclosed deer under same requirements as cattle - same rules for testing but difficult as against deer act to catch park deer for disease surveillance
dangerous wild animals act -
moose and caribou covered under this as dangerous animals
reindeer management
vax - clostridial
castration - most males
foot trimming
de-antlering - annual cycle disrupted by castration
care with feeding and husbandry - most issues come from this
common conditions on deer farms
PGE
lungworm
copper deficiency
pasteurella
yersiniosis
cryptosporidium
bovine tb
common conditions deer parks
often related to stocking density
PGE
lungworm
failure to thrive
clostridial disease
toxicity
dystocia
tangling/snaring injuries
common conditions reindeer
PGE
nutritional scouring
MCF - ovine/caprine herpes
trace element deficiencies
lameness
ill thrift
clostridial disease
pasteurellosis
antler problems - associated with castration, may need hormone therapy -
need annual removal
perruques
antler warts
broken antlers
pedicle infections
fly strike
infection
damage to velvet
deer artificial breeding
semen mostly imported from NZ
transcervical or laprascopic insemination - act of veterinary surgery
embryo transfer not common in UK
orphaned deer
castration and euthanasia of males
use ewes or goats milk, consider whether likely to have had enough colostrum for immunity once released
difficult to manage
often have co-morbidities
flystrike and septicemia common
potential for issues with socialisation and behaviour when released
deer - bovine tb
contract and spread
statutory surveillance
mostly pm identification, skin and blood testing on farms
notifiable diseases in deer
bovine TB
foot nd mouth
bluetongue
epizootic hemorrhagic virus
chronic wasting disease
chronic wasting disease - deer
TSE
highly contagious from secretions and tissues
fatal
not zoonotic
goat parameters
temp - 38.5-39.5
variable HR - depends on age, size and metabolic work
RR - 10-30, 20-40 for kids
rumen turnover - 1 per min
BCS - judge by brisket, carry weight underneath and can have a lot of internal fat
parasitic gastric enteritis - goat
thin goat
not natural grazers so don’t develop good immunity to worms
affects all ages
signs -
weight loss
dull hair
bald patches
reduced appetite
scurfy skin
may scour but not always
trichostronglyes, ostertagia - crossover with sheep
co-grazing a risk factor
fluke and coccidia common
treat -
all wormers effective - care with levamisole, narrow safety margins
use goat specific doses - ususlaly higher than sheep
johnes - goats
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
feco-oral and colostrum and milk transmission
infected when young
slow progressive thickening of ileum
immune depression
weight loss
with or without diarrhoea
test negative when already shedding
usually only detected at pm
testing -
fecal culture - gold standard but expensive and takes lpong
serology ELISA - cheaper but less sensitive
milk ELISA
fecal PCR - pooled up to 10 individuals, also expensive
actiphage - new test, finds bacteria, currently only tb in humans but maybe soon
vaccine available and commonly used
caseous lymphadentitis (CLA) - goats
thin goar
crynebacterium pseudotubercoluosis
pus filled LNs
internal and external types - classified by which LNs affected
internal may seem fine outside but full of pus inside
diagnosis -
culture or serology - neither particularly good
not treatment available
prevention -
snatch kidding
stocking densities down
caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) - goats
thin goat
lentivirus
similar to maedi-visna in sheep - cross species transmission possible
transmission through contact, esp dam-kid transmission, coughing, sharing troughs, milking machines
diagnosis - serology
tuberculosis - goats
thin goat
notifiable
looks different from in cows - large, thin walled abscesses with liquid pus instead of cheesy
very rapid spread
no statutory testing, pre movement testing recommended
do have to test if next to another farm with outbreak
prevention - biosecurity, AI for breeding, wildlife proofing
test - intradermal skin test
cryptosporidium - goat
scouring
young goats - up to 5 weeks
profuse watery scour
up to 100% morbidity, 20% mortality
causes - contamination of kidding area, poor colostrum uptake
treat affected pen with profor powder in milk for 3-5 days
disinfect pens
coccidiosis - goats
scouring
common in kids
risk factos -
large farms with high stocking density
sheds and pasture with long history of goats on
can be fatal
impaired growth and production
treat - baycox at sheep rate
prevent - disinfection
other causes of scouring kids - goats
PGE
salmonella
clostridial scour - goats
scouring
adults
common in milking goats
associated with concentrate feeding
c perfringens D
causes enterotoxemia
treat - b multi vitamin injection, NSAIDs, insevere cases antibiotics and fluids
vaccine responsive
difficult to diagnose
other causes of scour in adults - goats
johnes
PGE
salmonella
joint ill - goats
lameness in kids
t pyogenes, e coli, strep or staph or mycoplasma or any combo of
secondary to septicemia
prevention - hygiene, colostrum management
treat - draxxin, meloxicam
white muscle disease - goats
lameness in kids
selenium/vit e deficiency during gestation
may show up a bit after birth when growing fast
prevention -
check milk replacer
feed concentrate to dam late pregnancy
treat - vietsel at sheep dose - only works if done early enough
other causes of lameness in kids - goats
injuries
digital dermatitis - goats
lameness in adults
treponema spp
sole, wall and toe ulvers
coronary band swelling
no interdigital involvement
sole horn separation
hyperkeratosis
bony changes in pedal bone
treat - amoxycilin
footrot - goats
lameness in adults
dichelobacter nodosus
grey slimy discharge
interdigital dermatitis
sole horn separation
no coronary band changes
treat - oxytet
other causes of lameness in adults - goats
CAE
bentleg
can have high prevalence - treat early and aggressively, cull in chronic cases or where there are horn changes
regular footbath for healthy goats - zinc sulphate
pasteurellosis - goats
coughing goat
common
often incidental finding on pm
treat -
draxxin
meloxicam
amoxyclav or oxytet for milkers
vaccine available - primary course for kids then boost at weaning
ectoparasites - goats
itching/scabbing
chorioptic mange -
very common
lower limbs, belly, scrotum
not itchy
ivermectin to treat
lice -
biting and sucking kids
severe in kids or immunosuppressed
itchy
eprinomectin to treat
other causes of itching/scabbing - goats
zinc deficiency
pygmy goat skin diswease
pemphigus follaceus
breeding manipulation - goats
in season -
CIDR devices for synchronisation
seasonal breeders - autumn/winter
pseudopregnancy - ‘cloudburst’ - diagnose with US
out of season breeding -
light manipulation - dark shed with CIDR sync
cloudburst more common
routine goat surgeries - disbudding
only by vet
2-7 days old - rapid growth
GA or sedation - LA not well tolerated
care - thin skull
routine goat surgeries - castration
sedation or GA
wait if poss
ring if under 7 days
open castrate over 7 days
NSAIDs and antibiotics post op depending on cleanliness
routine goat surgeries - c-section
common in pygmy goats
same procedure as ewes
care with LA
right lateral or standing
NSAIDs and antibiotics post op - metacam and synulox
oxytocin after
common pitfalls of foot trimming - cattle
overtrimming - leaves sole too thin, may lead to lameness or remove protective chorium causing more damage
shaping the wall - remove horn at toe, shaping wall won’t change weight bearing and can undermine it
removing axial white line - important for weight bearing
chasing black marks - often just normal pigmentation
removing too much heel - not correcting angle and causing them to tilt backwards, puts pressure on main ulcer site
sole hemorrhage and ulcer - pathophysiology - cattle
extensor tendon joins at extensor process - chorium easily compressed at this point
chorium produces healthy horn - if damaged –> poor quality horn produced
seen at sole around 6 weeks after initial insult
higher risk around calving, esp in heifers - hormonal changes and stress, relaxation of suspensory ligament
red colouring at point of haemorrhage
can also see generalised haemorrhage throughout sole
risk factors -
standing time
stress
time on concrete
esp in heifers unaccustomed to concrete
sole ulcer - hole through chorium, complete cessation of horn production at site - end stage lesion, permanent changes, scarring to chorium, bony growths
once ulcer occurred will always have the changes and more likely to happen again
sole haemorrhage and ulcer - prevention - cattle
routine trimming - prevent overgrowth and reduce pressure
focus on time spent standing - affected by time spent milking, cubicle design, bedding, feed space, stocking density, water space, social dynamics
spending a lot of time standing doing nothing not normal for cows - should work out why
sole haemorrhage and ulcer - treatment - cattle
trim, block, 3 days of ketoprofen - optimum (block on sound claw to take weight off)
remove underrun horn for drainage
correct balance when trimming
antiinflammatories remove inflammation and damage in chorium to allow healing, only short course needed
white line disease - pathogenesis - cattle
similar pathogenesis to sole ulcer/haemorrhage
choriosis on area beneath outer ridge where white line is - damage leads to poor quality horn production at white line
lets crud in leading to abscess formation
visible after stage 3 of trimming
black marks, lame and painful on hoof tester
bacteria and pus collected at white line
white line disease - treatment - cattle
open lesion
remove underrun horn
allow drainage of pus
then trim, block, antiinflammatories
focus on pressure where walking and turning, non slip floors, no tight turns to get to parlour
avoid uneven or stony tracks from field and rushing cows to move
digital dermatitis - pathogenesis - cattle
main infectious foot lesion of cows
treponemes
treponemes on cows skin, cause disease under right conditions - anaerobic, moist
stress - immune suppression, increases incidence - esp making lots of milk or after calving
bacteria penetrate deeper layer and cause infection
severe lameness and pain
risk factors -
stress
wet mud or slurry - if feet clean less opportunity for infection to take place
digital dermatitis - prevention - cattle
scraping
cleaning and drying feet
foot bathing - prevention, reduce bacterial load, not effective treatment
digital dermatitis - treatment - cattle
oxytet spray - licensed, needs applied properly - clean lesion, spray, dry, reapply
other product available but less evidence
NSAIDs - ketoprofen - less lameness after, reduces pain and inflammation and allows better healing
foot bathing
prevention, not treatment
long bath - multiple dips and harder to avoid
wider - less dips but multiple cows through at once, less stress from backup
12cm deep - cover front of foot
easy to fill and empty
change every 200 cows assuming 200litre (1litre per cow)
solutions -
formalin - carcinogenic, not good indoors, should use respirator if handling, can burn feet if concentration wrong, good break down environment and cheap
copper sulphate - maybe slightly more effective, safer, doesn’t cause irritation or burns, damaging to environment and more expensive
various others, ususally copper or formalin based, may have zinc and detergent - less evidence
licensed NSAIDs - cattle
ketprofen -
short withdrawal - none for milk, 1-4 for meat
expensive
licensed for clinical mastitis, pain from lameness, parturient paresis, udder oedema, pyrexia, resp disease distress
only product licensed for lameness pain
daily injection 3 days
carprofen -
longer duration
0 day milk withdrawal, 21 meat
licensed for resp distress and mastitis with antibiotics
often already have on farm - convenient
single injection
meloxicam -
5 day milk withdrawal, 15 day meat
licensed resp infections and acute mastitis with antibiotics, diarrhoea, dehorning
single injection
flunixin -
cheap
24 hour milk withdrawal, 10 day meat
licensed resp disease and acute mastitis
some evidence improves lameness pain but short duration only looked at
toe necrosis - cattle
starts as toe ulcer
usually from over trimming or excessive wear from rough concrete
secondary infection - treponemes
deep necrotic lesion
digit amputation or radical trim
wall ulcer - cattle
penetration of bacteria into white line lesion
extensive infection into chorium
remove all infected chorium and wall - extensive resection under anaesthetic
deep digital sepsis - cattle
bacterial penetration - usually through a sole ulcer
infection of bone, joint, or tendons
pus out of sole ulcer site
swelling around coronary band
digit amputation
culling if severe
referral for arthrodesis if very valuable animal
need xray to determine wall structure affected
common periparturient conditions - cattle
3 weeks before and after calving
hypocalcemia - milk fever
ketosis
fatty liver
LDA
RDA
metritis
common periparturient conditions - sheep
10 days before and 7 days after lambing
pregnancy toxemia
hypocalcemia
genital tract problems - tears, prolapse
dystocia
acute clinical mastitis
resp disease
milk fever signs - cattle
common
contributes to incidence of other problems - down cow, uterine inertia, dystocia, calf mortality, uterine prolapse, retained foetal membranes, environmental mastitis (from being down more)
inappetence
dullness
lethargy
hypersensitivity - initial stages
stiff, straight hocks
reluctance to moce
incoordination and ataxia
progression - recumbency, head turned to side, higher HR, dilated pupils, reduced PRL, gut stasis –> bloat and constipation, depression, unresponsiveness
eventual coma and death
equine dentistry - sharp enamel points
most common equine mouth issue - maxillary teeth wider than mandibular, sharp enamel points on side sticking out
routine reduction of points
just round off edges, not occusal surface
spurs can cause buccal ulceration - painful but usually don’t show signs
other overgrowths from missing opposing teeth or defective opposing teeth
weird growing to close gap when a tooth removed
parrot mouth - incisors protrude, abnormalities further back also so check
step mouth
wave mouth
reduce gradually over time - 4 mm every 3 months
care for underlying pulp
equine dentistry - odontoplasty principles
minimise time working on one tooth - <7seconds at once, rasp creates a lot of heat
flush often - remove debris and cool, warm water helpful to stop dental mirror steaming up
clean burrs regularly - clear debris and cool, more efficient rasping
periodic examination of tooth surface - don’t go too deep, don’t want to see pink
limit removal of occlusal crown - 3-4mm
equine dentistry - senile excavation
“smooth mouth”
worn down almost into pulp chamber
infundibular enamel lost - whole middle is soft dentine - wears away quickly
smooth and hard
progresses through arcade, can reach point where no grinding ability
equine dentistry - retained deciduous teeth
can be hard to spot
adult tooth at bottom with cap sitting on top
remove if obvious pain, quidding or trapped food
sometimes retention can cause displacement of permanent teet
shouldn’t be caps after 1 year
equine dentistry - diastemata
cheek teeth should be tight together - gaps form, food trapped between
irritates gingiva
developmental - head not growing fast enough for teeth
senile - wear away and erupt creating more space betwen teeth
progression to gingival and periodontal disease - gingivitis, gingival recession, periodontal pocketing
pain, quidding, weight loss, bitting problems
sedation and analgesia -
nerve block - care if doing both sides, bite tongue
flood channels with LA instead and leave 5 mins
flunixin and morphine as well - very painful
treat -
analgesia, clean and debride - fill again quickly
dietary management - grass or short chop forage
odontoplasty - widen gap so food gets out, gives gingiva chance to heal, care not to damage pulp horns
repeated treatments often needed
filling or bridging - soft dental impression material or hard acrylic
equine dentistry - periapical infection (PAI)
tooth root infection
usually back teeth
can lead to sinusitis - face swelling
pulp exposure as sequelae - tooth dies –> odontoblasts stop laying dentine –> eventually pulp exposed
septic pulpitis - infection in pulp chamber
can also lead to lymphadenopathy
can fit probe into pulp horns
check with xray - messy looking, blunting of normal tooth anatomy, loss of definition
may see draining tract if mandibular tooth - can stick a metal rod up to see which tooth on xray
CT - black gas in pulp chambers of affected tooth
causes -
hematogenous spread - most common - young horse, lots of blood flow round teeth, can be compounded by other teeth issues - eg food impaction
vertical impaction of cheek teeth
denral fracture - not often, can usually be left but monitored
deep extension of periodontal disease
extension of infundibular cares - rare
iatrogenic pulpar exposure - cut into it with burr
equine dentistry - infundibular cares
only possible in maxillary cheek teeth - not mandibular
predisposes to premature wear, fracture and infection
caused by acid producing bacteria
grading, eg -
2 - involvement of cementum and enamel
3 - progression to dentine
4/5 - loss of tooth integrity
can lead to fracture, need to remove
infundibular restoration -
clean out
fill infundibulum with acrylic
prevent further progression and fracture
equine dentistry - odontoclastic resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH)
like resorptive teeth in cats
mostly incisors
age related - common in older horses
signs -
periodontal disease - gingival swelling, ulceration, periodontal pockets, discharging tracts
decreased appetite
weight loss
oral ulceration
loose or fractured teeth
oral pain - asses pain biting through carrot at different points of arcade
xray - bulbous enlargement of roots, fracture
treat -
extraction - can cope well without incisors - LA and sedation, may want to take opposing tooth too
equine dentistry - wolf tooth extraction
1st premolar - maxillary
doesn’t always need out
if removing better done young so doesn’t interfere with cheek tooth 06 coming in
may be displaced or molarised
if mandibular wolf toot then needs removed because will interfere with bitting
care for palatine artery when removing
equine dentistry - sinusitis
usually caused by upper resp tract virus
usually self limiting
if more entrenched endoscope to see where discharge coming from
other causes -
hematoma
sequestrum
polyps
secondary to dental disease
xray to check which tooth needs taken out
