Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CMS - term 2 > Performance and Production > Flashcards

Performance and Production Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

broiler farm - sight checks

A

distribution
movement
droppings
size - and how even is size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

broiler - 0-5 days

A

mortality target <0.3%
peak mortality - 3-4 days

most common disease - omphalitis (unhealed navel), septicemia, york sac infections

uncommon diseases - chicken anemia virus, avian encepahlomyelitis - parent flock vaccinated, sometimes see vaccine failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

broiler - 6-20 days

A

mortality target <0.1% daily

less issue seen at this satge

disease - bacterial infections, inclusion body hepatitis, metabolic disorders (rickets, tibial dyschondroplasia)
metabolic disorders usually feed related

anticoccidials in food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

broilers - 21-27 days

A

peak gut health challenge period - worst time for coccidiosis
often clostridium associated - enteritis on top of coccidia challenge –> bacterial gut infiltration

diseases -
coccidia spp - eimeria
E. acervulina - duodenum - white spots on gut
E. maxima
E. tenella - worst, rare, blood filled caecum
bacterial lameness - staph, e coli, enterococcus caecorum
pathogenic e coli (APEC) - dirty water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pathogenic E coli (APEC) signs at pm - broilers

A

collibacilosis
septicemia
purulent arthritis
femoral head necrosis
hepatomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

broilers - day 27-38

A

day 31 - thinning - 30% out
day 38 - rest out

sometimes gut issues but mostly just bacterial lameness

infectious bursal disease (gumboro) - immune disease - can crop up at this stage due to vaccine failure or field challenge - enteritis, poor performance, spike in culls or deaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

broiler vaccines

A

Gumboro (IBD) - live vax, usually in water around 14-17 days, can vary strength of vax depending on risk level

Infectious bronchitis (IB) - vax for multiple strains in hatchery for wide cover

Coccidiosis - expensive, only given in high value birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

layer hen vax

A

salmonella
infectious bronchitis
turkey viral rhinotracheitis (TRT)
ILT (herpes)
mycoplasma - multi age sites
gumboro
avian encephomyelitis (AE)
newcastle disease
avian influenza

erysipelas and pasteurella - if previous challenge
coccidiosis and mareks - in hatchery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Infectious bronchitis - poultry

A

coronavirus
highly infectious

trachea –> blood stream –> oviducts and kidneys
qx strain worst - kidney damage
secondary infections
very bad for production - small eggs, thin shell

vax every 6 weeks in lay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

turkey viral rhinotracheitis (TRT) - poultry

A

metapneumonic virus (Resp)
very contagious

drop in production
reduced shell quality

“swollen head syndrome”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ILT (herpes) - poultry

A

sever resp signs
reduced production
sudden death from tracheal blockage from inflammation

single vax in rear stage (layers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mycoplasma - poultry

A

not routine vax
only usually issue on multi age sites - not as often complete clean otu
latent - appearing at stress point - red mites, transport, predation
vertical and horizontal transmission

thin spot at top of eggs
swollen legs and head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

E. coli peritonitis - layers

A

APEC
usually in compromised birds - adress underlying factors
predisposing - stress, air quality, other resp pathogens, poor gut health, red mite

treat - oxytetracycline if really bad but mainly address stressots

vax - every 20 weeks in lay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

erysipelas - layers

A

infection through skin lesion, red mites or eating infected materials
liver lesions seen at abattoir - pathognomonic

vax if previous outbreaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mareks - layers

A

herpes
causes tumours
inflammation in peripheral nerves –> paralysis
PCR - hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Avian influenza - signs

A

lots of dead birds - esp turkeys and pheasants
bruising on legs, combs and wattles
neuro - twisted neck, star gazing, circling

low path - may just be resp signs and drop in water and feed consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

parasites - layers

A

worms, ascarids, heterakis (non pathologic threadworm but transmits histomonas)
red mite - very common - irritation causing immune suppression

worms - flubendazole or fenbendazole
mites - fluralaner (expensive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

turkeys - common diseases

A

similar to chickens but often worse

coccidiosis - need oocyte count to diagnose
histomonas (blackhead) - mass death, very susceptible
type 2 adenovirus - haemorrhagic enteritis
avian influenza - basically just all die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

camelids clinical exam - species points

A

should be contractions in first stomach compartment
should be cudding
BCS - 2.5-3 - lumbar region, straigh lin
weight - good for dose rates but account weight of fleece and gut fill
colic signs - shifting, discomfort - much less violent signs than horses
compare to a healthy one
may just shift about a bit more when very uncomfortable

assume sicker than it looks
easily stressed - if mouth breathing then give it a break
don’t cover nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

blood draw - camelids

A

jugular - low on neck by C5/6 process - carotid and jugular very close
go in groove - vein wont rise
hard to assess most organs on palpation so need bloods to assess
can’t really rectal an alpaca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fluids - camelids

A

signs of dehydration subtle - consider use early
slow admin and not above maintenance (5% bw over 24 hours) - risk of pulmonary oedema and fluid overload

use alkaline fluids, care with glucose

cepahlic or saphenous good in crias, jugular find in adults but higher up the neck than in bloods
catheter in jugular should run down towards the heart

jugular blood quite bright - looks arterial, if artery will pulse out, if vein then should be steady flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

plasma - camelids

A

used in neonates for failure of passive transfer
consider in treatment if inappetant - gives source of circulating protein
if ill for a few days prone to hypoproteinemia - want albumni over 20g/l and TP over 40g/l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

camelids - signs of common issues

A

abdominal distension - ascites, SI obstruction, pregnancy
colic - phytobezoar (blockage), enteritis, spiral colon torsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

camelids - drug administration

A

sub cut - low on neck in front of shoulder, or behind shoulder at elbow level (care not to just pop out into fleece)
IM - quads or gluteals, neck muscle not so good
oral - lab tube in cria, foal tube in adults, have to push far in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

camelids - microchipping

A

need chip to be registered with breed societies
often chip anyway - theft prevention
upper left neck

care not to angle applicator more than 30-45 degrees - chip can go in spinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

camelids - vaccination

A

clostridial diseases - very susceptible

others as needed - bluetongue, orf, lepto, salmonella, rotavirus, coronavirus, e coli, abortion agents

usually cattle or sheep vax, don’t know how protective or for how long
care with enzootic abortion vac - systemic and local reactions seen and abortion storms not common in camelids to need it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

camelids - parasites

A

susceptible to most cattle and sheep parasites

hemonchus, nametodirus, ostertagia, fluke and potentially trichstrongylus axei (horse)
tapeworms don’t usually cause issue

can carry high burdens and not show signs - usually only young badly affected

signs -
soft feces
ill thrift
anemia - hemonchus
malaise
death - hemonchus - can just be found dead follow resp distress after birthing

FEC - 300-400eggs/gram consider treating
fluke/nematodirus/hemonchus - any eggs are noteworthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

stages of equine pre purchase exam

A

1 - preliminary exam -
external exam
visual, palpation, maniptulation - signs of injury
incisor teeth
exam eyes - darkened area
auscultation - heart and lungs

2 - walk and trot, in hand
walk and trot on lead
turn each way
back up a few paces
flexion and trot on circle - optional, but if not done record

can have limited 2 stage - owner needs to sign to confirm

3 - exercise
assessment at increase HR and RR
gait - walk, trot, canter
may need to gallop to get HR up
can lunge if not ridden horse - but record on certificate

4 - rest and re-exam
stand quiet, take off tack
monitor RR and HR

5 - second trot up
trot again - see if strain or injury from exercise
esp important for older horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

camelids - anthelmintics

A

benmidazoles - 2x sheep dose - fendendizole safe to use, don’t use albendazole in pregnant animals and careful with dose

levamisol - only use if can way, more toxic to camelids

macrocyclic lactones - 1-1.5x cattle/sheep dose, use moxidectin for hemonchus, can also use ivermectin - pour ons a waste of time - fleece

monepantel - 3x sheep dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

main horse joint supplement ingredients

A

chondroitin
glucosamine
hyaluronic acid
collagen
MSM
green lipped mussel
omega oils
devils claw - can’t use if competing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

horse joint supplements - considerations

A

liver issues - including PPID
level of activity
actual issue - may not be a joint thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

sheep - trace elements

A

mg/kg dry matter

cobalt
zinc
selenium
iodine
iron
manganese
copper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

sheep - major minerals

A

g/kg dry matter

calcium
magnesium
sodium
chlorine
potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

sheep - selenium

A

antioxidant
associated with vit E

storage - muscles and liver

white muscle disease -
pale muscles at pm with symmetrical striations - due to oxidation in muscles
stiffness and unwillingness to rise
post 2 days - laying down
sudden death - cardiac muscle

decreased immunity
poor fertility
increased perinatal mortality

treatment - injectable selenium/vit E if caught early
prevention - supplement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

sheep - cobalt

A

constituent part needed to make vitamin B12 - B12 needed for energy metabolism and production of RBCs
until weaned get it from dam
after make it in rumen

test - serum or liver B12

treatment -
drench - cheap but often, usually only until grown
injectable - 6 month duration
bolus - permanent but expensive

signs - poor growth, shit coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

sheep - copper

A

complex interactions - transport co factor, nerve function, immunity, pigmentation

easily toxic
toxicity signs - orange liver, orange mm (eyes), orange fat, die suddenly after minor stress
some breeds susceptible to toxicity or deficiency

stored in liver - level may not show in bloods
can sample from liver

antagonists of copper - zinc, iron, manganese, vit C - can cause copper deficit if too much

deficiecy -
swayback
demyelination of CNS
last 3rd of pregnancy with lambs - so born with the issue but may not show until a bit later - damage done, can’t fix it
may progress or level out
ataxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

sheep - calcium and magnesium

A

incoordination –> recumbency –> coma

can look like ketosis but kills much quicker

treat - calcium IV, usual to treat mag at same time

prevention - pre lambing nutrition and feed

more common in outdoor sheep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

sheep - thiamine (vit B1)

A

either not getting enough (primary) or upset to rumen so not producing enough (secondary)
from diet in pre-ruminants, made in ruminants in rumen

needed for glucose metabolism

brain needs lots of glucose - neuro signs - go down, blind, star gazing

treat - B1/thiamine injection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

sheep - iodine

A

stored in thyroid to make thyroxine
reduced intake or brassica eating - break down iodine

weak lamb
immune deficient

linked with selenium - selenium needed for iodin enzyme so selenium deficiency can lead to low iodine

testing - inorganic iodine, T4 (fluctuates a lot), thyroid testing at pm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

sheep - zinc

A

immunity
skin integrity
horn integrity

more orf and ringworm in zinc deficient animals

cheap to test - include as standard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

camelid - fluke treatment

A

triclabendacole - immature fluke - some resistance
closantel - immature fluke
albendazole - only adults - no data
nitroxynil - severe injection site reactions, swelling and systemic reactions including deaths and abortions - not suitable
clorsulon - needs to high a dose to be effective as usually only available in combo with ivermectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

camelids - coccidia spp

A

eimeria spp -
lame
alpacae
punoensis
macusaniensis

macusaniensis most marked signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

camelids - coccidia signs

A

weight loss
severe hypoproteinemia - even with low burden
decreasing immunity with age and stress
damage to intestinal lining
slow recovery and healing
can cause death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

camelids - coccidia treatment

A

baycox - most often

albendazole
sulfonamide

lacking evidence - when most susceptible, when to start treating
treat after stress and do count before and after

FEC on incoming animals and quarantine to treat

feed and water away from dung pile to minimise contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

camelids - mane signs

A

chorioptic and sarcoptic
mainly chorio
main skin condition in camelids

hair loss
reddening skin
raised skin areas
thickening of skin

chorioptic - more lower limbs caudal body
sarcoptic - more around head
but can spread between from itching so not sure diagnostic

sarcoptes - zoonotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

camelids - mange treatment

A

skin scrape diagnosis
interdigital space and edge of lesion best

ivermectin - first line - sarcoptes need injection, choroptes pour on
if not sure so 2x injection then 2x pour on
3-4 treatment 7-10 days apart

lime sulphur in vaseline for active lesions
frontline - shown some efficacy

treat whole group
keep ivermectin away from water sourved

severe cases - keratolytic shamoo, topical acaride (frontline), remove crusts, systemic antibiotics (secondary infection), amitraz (i everything else fails - care if pregnant or open lesions, vet must apply)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

camelids - flies

A

black fleeced more affected

elbow, ventral abdomen, knees and face - where fleece thinner

flystrike around perineum or over body - wet stained fleece, can be associated with wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

camelids - hyperkeratosis

A

weaning age
cause unknown
lesions around muzzle

ddx - orf, photosensitivty, chemical burn, sever mange
check liver for photosensitivity

symptomatic treatment - NSAIDs, antibiotics, lotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

camelids - caseous lymphadentitis (CLA)

A

rule out in all superficial skin lumps
corynebacterium pseudotuberculum

FNA for culture before lancing - quick spread in feed trough if open

lumps
raised lymph nodes in neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

camelids - gastric ulceration

A

very common
all age groups

non specific signs - reduced appetite, weight loss, just not quite right
usually distal 3rd stomach or proximal duodenum

can be triggered by stress - esp hospitalisation
prophylactic treatment if not eating well - injected ranitidine or pantoprazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

camelids - bovine tuberculosis

A

m bovis + other strains
not subject to statutory controls
notifiable

wide array of lesins - miliary abscessation on liver and spleen, abscess on lungs and others, subtle lesions on trachea

cull if diagnosies

signs -
vague
weight loss
maybe cough - unresponsive to antibiotics and NSAIDs
subclinical or just not quite right

quick spread
zoonotic

intradermal skin test not very good in camelids
serological tests better - used more often

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

camelids - causes of anemia

A

chronic disease
hemonchus
fluke
gastric ulcers
hemolysis - nitrate poisoning, brassicas, red maple
ivermectin toxicity
mycoplasma
hemorrhage
bone marrow suppresion - rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

camelids - anemia - signs and testing

A

pale mm, white conjunctiva
cold extremities

ddx - cardiovascular compromise - see pulse deficit not present in anemia

hematology - manual, eliptical RBCs often mistaken for plasma in compute
PCV - manual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

camelid - blood tranfusion

A

can cope with lower pCV - adapted for altitude
tranfusion at PCV 8 or less
only one blood group
healthy adult donor - preferably not late pregnancy

1L donor blood - should increase PCV around 5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

camelid - castration

A

15-18 months - 12 month minimum - preputial attachment of penis needs testosterone to break down, also ortho problems

tetanus prophylaxis - within 8 months before surgery - usually included in clostridia vax
withhold concentrates 24h before, forage and water from morning of

antibiotics - go straight into contaminate environment - penicilin or amoxycillin
NSAIDs - hurts

make sure both testes there
standing under manual restraint and mild sedation and local
care - susceptible to lidocaine toxicity
or triple stun - xylazine, ketamine and butorphanol IV - recumbant
or caudal epidural

complications -
support neck and head in recovery
soft tissue prolapse through insicison site - risk of infection and flystrike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

camelids - retained incisors

A

deciduous white, perm more dirty colour, broader and parallel sides
be sure which is which before removal

if note struggling to eat and not lots of undigested food in feces - leave
otherwise remove - GA

NB - don’t trim unless poor BCS or signs of chewing issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

camelids - jaw and tooth root abscess

A

common

signs - subtle swelling to dischargin sinus tracts, may have asymmetry
often well masked by long fleece
fistula from maxillary abscess - ocular discharge

usually mandible

treat - aggressive - high dose antibiotics, 6-8 weeks (usually gram -ve
surgery - remove affected tooth (if leave often have flare up again months later)

diagnosis - radiography, exam, CRT
routine dental check as part of herd health plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

camelids - sedation

A

not classed as food producing - may change

triple stun - xylazine, ket butorph - IV
abrahamson mix - same but IM - larger dose

cria - butor[ph and diazepam - avoid xylazine because less resistant to CV effects

cuffed ET - stylet to feed in
closed circuit small animal machine - 2-3 L flow

avoid xylazine if urolithiasis - increased urine –> rupture

induction - xylazine or detomidine and ketamine
maintenance - gas inhalant

recovery - hypothermia, support neck, leave tube in long as poss (nasal breathers)

analgesia - fentanyl patch (12 hr to peak), butorphanol ( 60 mins to effect) buprenorphine (6-8 hours), meloxicam (24 hours - something else needed to cover delay)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

camelids - abortion

A

gestation - 345 days + fornight either side
same infectious and non infectious causes as sheep and cattle
if in doubt assume infectious

but rareer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

camelids - dystocia

A

not common
positioning - usually easily fixable, just head back
consider c section early if not - long necks and legs, hard to correct - if more than 15 mins trying
vaginal manipulation not so easy
be very gentle
lots of lube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

camelids - c section

A

local
butorphanol sedation
lie in right lateral - in through left flank - don’t do standing
less obvious layers than other species
care not to hit spleen
lavage to wash - not swab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

camelids - retained foetal membranes

A

membrane weight - 800-1000g
retained if not out after 6 hours

gentle pull
oxytocin - gentler than in ruminants
systemic exam - temp fo sepsis

avoid antibiotics - will slow down necrosis and that’s needed for membranes to come away
only give if pyrexic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

camelids - uterine torsion

A

any time in last trimester
if see colic signs in a heavily pregnant animal - check for this
usually cranial to cervix so can only feel on rectal, not vaginal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

camelids - other periparturient conditions

A

vaginal prolapse
uterine prolapse
mastitis
endometritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

porcine circovirus - sub-categories

A

post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)
porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrom (PMWS) - pigs

A

3-4 weeks post weaning - usually wean in good condition

signs -
yellow scour
weight loss
huddling against wall
death

pm lesions - yellow watery intestinal contents, inguinal lymph node congestion, lymphoid depletion on histo (pathognomonic), interstitial pneumonia,
positive immunohistochemistry for PCV2 virus

ddx - salmonella, rotavirus

transmission - fecal shedding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

A

porcine circovirus

grower or finisher pigs

raised red macules and papules on skin - extremitis, ears and crotum

pm lesions - multifocal hemorrhagic nephritis (turkey egg look)

ddx - african or classical swine fever (similar looking kidneys) - notifiable, need to rule these out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

porcine circovirus vaccination

A

circoflex - weaning - very good
circovac - sows and breeding gilts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

post weaning diarrhoea (PWD) - pigs

A

e coli

enterotoxigenic types - toxins - can cause bowel oedema
capsule - protective at stomach pH
lipopolysaccharide - adhesion
fimbrae - adhesion
hemolytic type - cause hemolysis

classified by virulence factors - enteropathogenic, entertoxigenic, shiga-toxin forming, necrotoxic, speticemic and unpathogenic

signs -
enteritis post weaning - small intestinal - 2 weeks post
poor growth in piglets
peri anal staining
watery gry brown diarrhoea with no blood or mucus

diagnosis -
signs
charcoal swab - intestinal contents best, then rectal swab, then pooled fecal (more contamination risk)
fecal scoring

coliform colonies, lacto fermenting, gam negative, non-spore forming

ETEC most common in post weaning diarrhoea outbreaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

E coli prevention - pigs

A

older weaning age - better immune function - usually wean 21 days, extensive may be 35, weaning associated with villous atrophy and crypt hypoplasis so already immune challenge

develop healthy gut - crumb feed from 7 days and introduve creep they’ll be weaned to 7 days before weaning to get them used to it

increase fibre pre weaning - develops lactobacilli

hygiene - reduced pathogen load

probiotics - competitive excluder

reduced environmental stress - avoid cold temp, darughts - stress bad for immune function

vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

salmonella - pigs

A

similar signs to e coli
zoonotic
lots of strains - main one is salmonella enterica typhimurium
multi drug resistant

signs -
any age after weaning but usually first 6-10 weeks
low BCS
dehydration
lethargy
neuro signs - sometimes in enteritis type, always in septicemic
found dead - septicemic form
enlarged LNs - enteritis form
button ulcers in colon - enteritis form
thickened intestinal walls - cheesy looking necrosis
yellow watery diarrhoea, sometime with blood, sometimes mucus, very smelly

button ulcers - need to rule out swine fever

diagnosis -
signs
fecal analysis
necrosis on histopath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

salmonella prevention - pigs

A

control birds and vermin
care with incoming pigs
fomites
vax - to sow or to piglet at weaning
daily scrape down
clean bedding daily
muck out
careful feed storage
control visitors
reduced wheat and barley content in feed - feeds salmonella
all in all out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

swine dysentery

A

brachyspira hyodysentariae - spirochete, gram negative
colon
high morbidity - economic impact

signs -
brown grey profuse watery diarrhoea - with blood and mucus
wasting
high mortality for a diarrhoea - 25%

diagnosis -
blood and mucus in feces
brachyspira PCR and culture
pm - sever chronic diffuse fubronecrotising colitis

not notifiable but red tractor requires reporting if on scheme - others on scheme then notified location but not farm name

treat - tiamulin or lincomycin in water + individual treamtne
macrolides if not successful
needs treated - welfare issue

no vax

all in all out best prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

ileitis types - pigs

A

porcine intestinal adenopathy
proliferative enteropathy

both lawsonia intracellularis
in ileum to distal small intestine

inflammation

vaccine available
qPCR on feces
silver staining on histopath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

porcine intestinal adenopathy (PIA)

A

6 weeks post weaning
subclin to clinical
grey pasty feces
thickened distal ileum at ileocaecal junction
may recover but need euthanised because ileum fucked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

proliferative enteropathy -pigs

A

older pigs - 12 weeks post weaning
bloody rope ileum appearance
pale pigs
digested blood in feces
found dead in severe cases - hemorrhage through ulcerations into ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

legislation - local authority inspections

A

dangerous wild animals act 1976 ( + NI 2004)
zoo licensing act 1981 ( + NI 2003)
animal welfare (licensing of activities involving animals) (England) regulations - AAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

DWA inspection

A

dangerous wild animals act
licenses keeping of dangerous species - wide range mammals, birds, reptiles and invertebrates
Fi hybrids
some species seem like they should be under it but arent

pre - inspection -
research husbandry - extrapolate from domestic or similar species if needed
use BVA template

inspection -
keeping should not be contrary to public interest
check species and how many
are needs met
enclosure constructed to stop escape
biosec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

AAL inspections

A

animal activities license

covers -
selling as pets
boarding
hiring out horses
breeding
keeping or training for exhibition

do they need a license?

tax exempt to £1k per year - unlikely to be under this dog breeing
need licensce if more than 3 litters per year regardless of money
breeding license separate from selling

relevant docs - diet, puppy plans, cleaning, training
checklist to ensure conditions met

hiring horses - inspections need an extra qualification, separate person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

iceberg disease of sheep

A

johnes - paratuberculosis
maedi-visna
ovine pulmonary adenomatosis - jaagsietke
caseous lymphadenitis - CLA
border disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

johnes - sheep

A

mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis - MAP

chronic
shed before signs
diarrhoea only in terminal stages in sheep
signs at around 4yo
underdiagnosed
often culled for mastitis or poor fertility without knowing why

infects macrophages of SI peyers patches - granulomatous enteritis
chronic weight loss
poor fleece quality
often infertile

diagnosis -
group blood test - hypoalbuminemia (from damaged intestine), blood ELISA (low sensitivity, high specificity)
fecal samples - bacteiology - poor diagnostic power
post mortem - emaciation, thickening and ridging of ileum, enlarged msesnteric lymph nodes
histopath for confirmation

vax - infection site granulomas common in sheep, can have issues caused by poor injection technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

medi visna - sheep

A

lentivirus
long incubation
lifelong infection
highly contagious - close contact, inhalation, milk/colostrum, contaminated needles
closely related to CAE - interspecies transmission possible
notifiable in NI

progressive pneumonia and neuro deficits
eventually fatal but production losses until then over long period
thin ewes - 4-5 yo
chronic mastitis
progressive weakness/toe dragging
reduced fertility
arthritis

no treatment or vax
test and cull
biosec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis (OPA - Jaagsietke) - sheep

A

contagious tumour
resp transmission
retrovirus
2 year incubation

tumours in lungs - fill with fluid
secondary bacterial infections
weight loss
dyspnoea - esp walking/running
exercise intolerance - lag behind flock

wheel barrow test - lots of fluid out of noise

pm - grossly enlarged lung, destroyed lung tissue, tumouts

no treatment, no recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) - sheep

A

corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

cutaneous and visceral forms
cutaneous - suppurative necrotising inflammation of superficial LNs - easily palpated
visceral - mediastinal and bronchial LNs and internal organs - identified at slaughter

lymph node abscess - looks like onion, or can be pus filled
often subclinical
chronic, lifelong infection

transmission - close contact, contaminated shearing equipment, fight leading to head injuries (rams)
very contagious

ddx - tuberculosis, infected injection site

no treatment, no vax

zoonotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

pestiviruses - sheep

A

border disease virus
(BVD and classical swine fever also pestiviruses)

potential for interspecies transmission
persistent infection - if ewe infected early gestation and lamb survives - acts as constant spreader to rest of flock (like BVD)
abortion in many infected ewes
may be culled as barren without knowing

hairy shaker - extra hairy lambs with tremors (hypermyelination of nervous system)

ddx - other causes of abortion (test aborted material), swayback (lambs from copper deficient ewe - weak, poor limb coordination, fine head tremors)

no treatment, no vax
cull persistently infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Pregnancy diagnosis - dog

A

abdominal palpation - 25-35 days - walnut shaped, can be confused with fecal balls, may be able to feel enlarged uterine horn (not reliable)

relaxin in blood - 22 days - need 2 samples 1 week apart to confirm a negative

ultrasound - 25-35 days - can see puppies but not how many

x ray - 40-43 days - can count how many, useful in dystocia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

pregnancy termination - dog

A

alizin - before 35 days - 2 injections 24 hours apart, expensive and painful, can cause necrosis at injection site

prostaglandin - off license - breaks down CL to stop progesterone production

spay - more common in cats, very large blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

dog - length of season

A

7-9 days
egg release day 2
divisions before viable - day 5

vaginal cytology - when 75% changed from simple cuboidal to straified then ready for implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

hormone production in cycle - cow

A

oestrodiol - from granulosa cells of follicle - behavioural oestrous signs, uterine and cervical changes with oestrus, positive feedback to hypothalamus, and good for uterus immunity

progesterone - from CL - maintenance of pregnancy, negative feedback on hypothalamus

GnRH - from hypothalamus - FSH and LH release

FSH - pituitary - follicular development to 4mm

LH - pituitary - follicular development after 4mm and maturation

Prostaglandin - from endometrium - luteolysis

oxytocin - from CL - uterine contractility, milk let down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

not seen bulling - causes

A

persistant CL
cystic ovaries
endometritis - leading to persistant CL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

treatment - persistent CL

A

Prostaglandin - induce lutolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

treatment - cystic ovaries

A

progesterone and GnRH injection - form CL and induce ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

treatment - endometritis with persistent CL

A

Prostaglandin and intrauterine antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

voluntary waiting period - cattle

A

time between calving and breeding again
usually 45-50 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

post natal checks - cattle

A

2-4 weeks post calving
prioritise at risk - dystocia, twins, retained foetal membranes, still births

care with hygiene

manual exam of vaginal canal - endometritis
graded - only treat at grade 2 or 3
treatment - prostaglandin, antibiotics, povidine iodine infusions in chronic cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

pregnancy diagnosis - cow

A

rectal palpation - 35 days
rectal ultrasound - 35 days standard, possible from 20
milk progesterone - if low at 24 days after AI probably not pregnant, but can’t say definitely not because sometimes high anyway
pregnancy associated glycoproteins - 28 days - produced by calf - good indicator but will stay high just after recent abortion or foetal loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

synchronisation - cows

A

ovusynch - GnRH and prostaglandins
PRID/CIDRs - progesterone implanted device, GnRh, prostaglandins

98
Q

National bee unit

A

part of APHA

responsible for running bee health programme for england and wales

99
Q

bee treatment

A

if notifiable - inform bee inspector

destruction
antibiotics - if low level then oxytet
shook swarm

100
Q

notifiable diseases of bees

A

american foul brood
european foul brood

101
Q

american foul brood - bees

A

after sealing

spore forming bacteria
spores viable for 40 years and can like on old equipment and combs

sunken grey cappings
black scale at bease of cell which can’t be removed
very sick colony
invades tissue
unpleasant smell
fatal

not stress related, can infect strong bees
can be contracted through feeding contaminated foreign honey

102
Q

european foul brood - bees

A

early larval stage

twisted larva in cell
melted looking larva
discoloured larva
bacteria ingested and multiply in gut and create competition for nutrition

bacteria ejected as larva dies and spread by nurse bees
long latent periods - comes and goes
can be spread by robbing infected colonies

103
Q

chalkbrood disease - bees

A

fungal - ascocphaera apis

rarely fatal in adults but decreased production and secondary disease
larva die in pupae - mummified

mummified larvae often uncapped and deposited on floor of hive or by entranbce

104
Q

deformed wing virus - bees

A

associated with carroa mite infestation - can occur without it but more common and more destructive together

wings distorted, misshapen, twisted or wrinkled

increase in mites in late summer/early autumn
time when drones kicked out so colony size shrinks - easily overwhelmed by mites

105
Q

chronic bee paralysis virus

A

type 1 -
trembling wings
spread or dislocated wings
body paralysis
unable to fly - crawl around
bloated abdomen
dysentery symptoms
die within a few days
colony may collapse, usually at height of season

type 2 -
hairless and dark coloured bees
shiny greasy look in bright light
nibbling attacks on healthy beesa
infected often barred entry so may look like robber bees

husbandry and hygiene important
avoid overcrowding
ensure enough food so not stressed

106
Q

varroa mite - bees

A

main bee parasite
vector for other disease

control -
mechanical methods - queen trapping, drone brood removal, artifical swarm
organic oils/acids - oxalic acid, formic acid, thymol
pesticides - flumethrin, amitraz, tau-fluvalinate

107
Q

sheep anthelmintic groups

A

1 - white - benmidazole
2 - yellow - levamisoles
3 - clear - macrocyclic lactones
4 - orange - amino-acetylonitrile derivatives
5 - purple - spironidoles

often contain trace cobalt and selenium
resistance seen to all groups - worst for 1, emerging to 4,5

108
Q

FEC - sample techniques

A

pooled sample - should represent 10% flock size
fresh sample - <1 hour old
give full pasture, feed and water access before samples taken
check sheep every 4-6 weeks in healthy sheep in grazing period
expel air and refrigerate

test again after treatment - 2 weeks unless group 2 wormer used

109
Q

sheep parasite species - location

A

abomasum -
hemonchus contortus
teladorsagia circumcinta

small intestine -
trichostrongyles
nematodirus

large intestine -
trichuris spp

110
Q

sheep - hemonchus contortus

A

don’t usually get diarrhoea
bottle jaw
anemia –> mass sudden deaths in lambs with poor BCS
slow growth rate
no age related immunity

midspring - august - mass emergence of L3 larvae in warmer whether

assess burden based on colour of mm

111
Q

sheep - nematodirus battus

A

larvae shed to grass and eaten again
treat if any eggs seen at FEC

elevated Hr
profuse dark watery diarrhoea

treat - white wormers, very responsive

risk factors -
lambs first on grass - 6-12 weeks
sudden cold snap followed by warmer weather
stressors - triplets, fostering, old ewes
mixed age groups
pasture grazed by lambs last spring

112
Q

sheep - parasitic gastroenteritis

A

usually need both teladorsagis circumcinta and trichostrongylus infection

ill thrift

113
Q

sheep - teladorsagia circumxinta

A

contributes to parasitic gastroenteritis but usually doesn’t cause it on it’s own
abomasal gastric gland damage due to emergence of larvae and presence of adults on its surface

profuse watery diarrhoea
loss of BCS
inappetence
dehydration –> death

mid-late summer
1st season lambs at grazing

114
Q

sheep - trichostrongylus spp

A

contributes to parasitic gastroenteritis
SI damage through penetration of mucosal surface

dark scour
weight loss and poor gain
hollow looking lambs

late summer and autumn

115
Q

sheep - neamtode control plan

A

quarantine - minimum 4 weeks, don’t forget rams
group 4/5 wormer as quarantine drench
turn out onto clean pasture - rested 12 months
FEC - every 4-5 weeks in grazing
FECRT - at least one reduction count per year, 2 weeks after treatment
SCOPs forecast - don’t wait for diarrhoea and high FEC
break dose - different wormer used late summer
vaccination for H contortus

116
Q

ram resistance types

A

resistant - good weight gain when high challenge but doesn’t kill parasites and still shed and has FEC

tolerant - low FEC, kills parasites, ideal

susceptible - poor performance in high burden, sheds - worst

117
Q

bio active forage

A

eg. chicory, heather, birdseed trefoil

anthelmintic properties - tannin rich, reduce egg hatch and survival of larvae on pasture

can be included in ration
combine with clover to ensure enough energy for weight gain

118
Q

sheep - liver fluke

A

fasciola hepatica
wet summers –> increased snails, summer infection, signs in autumn
winter infection less common - delayed development so shed to pasture following srping - lamb losses

acute - quick onset, sudden death, weak, dull anemic ewes - large numbers of immature fluke so don’t show on FEC

sub-acute - rapid, weight loss, fleece defects, anemia, reduced ewe fertility - eggs on FEC, october-january

chronic - progressive weight loss, ill thrift, bottle jaw, puffy eyelids - adults in liver, will show on FEC

119
Q

sheep - liver fluke - testing

A

FEC - only for sub-acute or chronic, need large sample
Fecal coprantigen - longer turnaround, smaller sample, picks up earlier than FEC, if negative retest 4-6 weeks
post mortem - fluke in liver tracts, can do on farm
ELISA - 2-4 weeks after infection, antibodies can stay high for long time after infection gone
liver markers - change after a few weeks of fluke infection

120
Q

sheep - liver fluke - treatment

A

triclabendazole - immature and adult - lots of resistance seen
closantel - 6 weeks and older flukes, some effect on immature and prevents egg laying in adults better than other products
nitroxynil - targeted treatment, low resistance, 6 weeks and older flukes but sometimes hard to get in UK
albendazole - adult flukes only, group 1 so care with use as encourages resistance in other worms

121
Q

sheep - liver fluke - prevention

A

control pasture for snail
fence of wet areas
drainage or gravel or lime around pipes, troughs and gateways (also good for lameness)
monitoring
quarantine incoming stock
strategic treatment of at risk groups
monthly blood elisa to inform treatment
care with wormers - if chronic and FEC showing eggs use adult only product
abattoir reports and post mortems

122
Q

categories of antibiotics

A

A - never used on farm
B - heavily restrcted, not often used
C - used with caution, preferably culture and sensitivity before using
D - first line, prescribed most often, no resistance seen yet and not used in human

first line - amoxycillin, tetracycline, penicillin, and TMPs

123
Q

withdrawal periods

A

statutory for unlicensed products -
meat - 28 days
milk - 7 days
egg - 7 days
meat from fist - 500 degree days

licensed - stated times

124
Q

maximum residue limits (MRL)

A

calculated based on acceptable amount a human can have in their body per day

125
Q

MRL annexes

A

1 - sufficient data to establish an MRL
2 - sufficient data to establish they are safe, MRL still needed
3 - provisional MRL established but more info needed
4 - drug prohibited in food producing animal - too much risk or not assessed enough for an MRL

126
Q

common drugs banned in food producing animals

A

chlorampenacol
metaclopramide
atipamazole
metronidazole
diazepam

127
Q

NSAIDs and steroids licensed in food producing animals

A

meloxicam
flunixin
ketoprofen
carprofen
corticosteroids

128
Q

fertility drugs licensed in food producing animals

A

prostaglandin
GNrH
origesterone releasing intravaginal devuse

129
Q

anaesthetic drugs licensed in food producing animals

A

ketamine
butorphanol
isoflurane
lidocaine/procaine/mepivicaine

130
Q

sedatives licensed in food producing animals

A

xylazine
detomidine/romifidine

131
Q

euthanasia drugs licensed in food producing animals

A

pentobarbitol

132
Q

pigs - licensed drugs

A

sedatives - azerperone
anaesthetics - ketamine (only licensed with azerperone)
locals - procaine, bupivicaine, lidocaine

133
Q

pigs - azerpone

A

main sedative always used
POM-V
care in liver compromised patients
used to treat aggression, stress, obstetrics and premed - lower dose licensed for first 3 than for premed

side effects -
peripheral vasodilation -m can get hot, do surgery on damp straw
penile prolapse in boars - nasty
salivation and panting
accidental fatalities from injecting into fat - esp vietnamese pot bellied pigs
hard to sedate if any adrenaline - need low stress environment
if gorge when wake up - may cause torsion

IM injection
restrict feed when come round

134
Q

pigs - ketamine

A

only licensed when used with azaperone pre med
neuromuscular excitement if not given with sedative
IM only licensed but can do IV off license

increased muscle tone
salivation
increased alertness to sound - want a quiet place
nystagmus
pupil dilation
resp depression - place in sternal in recovery

135
Q

pigs - hormone drugs

A

induction of farrowing -

prostaglandin - lots licensed, takes a while to work so don’t repeat injections
side effects if used incorrectly -
weak piglets
low birth weights
poor lung development

oxytocin/carbetocin - carbetocin is an oxytocin analogie
causes smooth muscle contraction
carbetocin - longer acting, only needs given once, licensed for uterine atony, supportive therapy in MMA syndrome, initiation of parturition, shortening of labour process
oxytocin - licensed so long as fully dilated cervix

synchronisation -

progesterone - maintains CL, given every day for 18 days
oral drench or mixed into feed

induction of oestrous -

gonadotrophin releasing factor analogue - anti GNrH injection, in males as alternative to surgical castration and in females to avoid unwanted pregnancies

136
Q

pigs - licensed NSAIDs

A

meloxicam - oral and injectable
ketoprofen - injectable

flunixin - not licensed, no real need for it

137
Q

pigs - respiratory parasites

A

metastrongylus - lungworm
ascaris suum

138
Q

pigs - respiratory disease complex - mechanisms

A

mucocilliary damage
immune suppression
altered cytokine response
affected macrophage functions

different pathogens do one or more and enable others

139
Q

pig - pig respiratory disease complex - pneumonia types

A

suppurative bronchopenumonia - pus, bacteria, cranioventral consolidation - eg lung mycoplasma
fibrino-necrotising pleuropneumonia - more focal, cheesy fibrin over pleura
interstitial - viral, patchwork pattern eg PRRS
broncho-interstitial - only in cases where swine flu is one of the agents

140
Q

pigs - pig respiratory disease complex - mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

A

“gateway disease”

ciliostasis - can’t move mucus, lose goblet cells, and cause apoptosis of macrophages - reduced lung immunity

slow spreading and shedding, signs take a while, can travel up to 9km as aerosol

signs -
dry hacking cough
laboured breathing
poor growth
mortality increase from secondary pathogens

diagnosis -
lesions - supparative bronchopenumonia on om, cranioventral
PCR - plain swab - swab over lower resp tract on pm, not from lesion itself. in live pig tracheal or pharyngeal swab

ddx - swine flu A

enzootic pneumonia type lesions - mycoplasma with another pathogen

vaccination - ususally given at weaning combined with PCV2 vax

management -
ventilation
reduce dust
all in all out

treat -
tatracyclines or pleuromutilins
treat group rather than individuals
NSAIDs

141
Q

pigs - pig respiratory disease complex - porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS)

A

virus

2 strains -
1 - europe - generally less virulent
2 - north america - more virulent, passive surveilence in UK

aerosol and repro fluid spread
ingestion or in through skin break –> regional macrophages –> LNs –> infection systemic macrophages –> viremia

dysregulates antigen presenting cells and other immune cells and neutralises antibodies

signs -
fertility - abortion, ealry farrowings, weak piglets, SMEDI, stillbirths, poor conception rates
respiratory - coughing, blue ear, other resp outbreaks from secondary disease
general - wasting, inappetence
can get serious quite quickly

diagnosis -
PCR/ELISA on saliva
PCR on blood - only in viremia phase
sample of lymphatic tissue - LNs, spleen, tonsils
PCR or histopath on lung tissue

management -
vax - sows, weaners or both, every 3 months, IM or intradermal
all in all out
ventilation
cleaning

142
Q

pigs - pig respiratory disease complex - swine influenza A

A

virus
reverse zoonosis

signs -
cough - lasts 7-10 days
pyrexia
runny nose
may see fertility signs

usually self limiting

diagnosis -
PCR nasal swabs - but only shed for short time
paired serology - ELISA to screen, HAIT to know strain

vax available for 2 streains

143
Q

pigs - pig respiratory disease complex -0 actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)

A

mild to severe based on the toxin that serotype produces
grower to finisher pigs (>35kg)

aerosol –> tonsils —> lower rep, cytotoxic effects on macrophages

signs -
poor feeding
bloody froth at nose
thumping breathing but no cough
high mortality

diagnostics -
signs
pm - fibrinous necro-hemorrhage in lungs, pericarditis
culture and sensitivity

management -
treat - amoxycillin, tetracycline
manage whole group
vax
temperature, ventilation, low stress

144
Q

equine parturition - stage 1

A

preparatory
30 mins-4 hours

foal rotates
cervical relaxation
increased uterine contractions
foal forefeet and muzzle pushed into cervix

helpful to wrap tail to keep it out the way

signs -
restless
flank watching
frequent urination
stretchinf
sweating
standing and lying
rolling
tail swishing
can look like mild colic

end of stage 1 - waters break, colourless or straw coloured fluid

145
Q

equine parturition - stage 2

A

delivery
20-30 mins

quick and explosive
continued cervical dilation
foal at pelvic inlet - triggers powerful abdominal contractions
oxytocin release from pituitary gland - reinforces contractions

signs -
usually laid in lateral
amnion at vulva within 5 mins of waters breaking
amnion ruptures
front feet and nose out - check presentation

mare will often rest 10-15 mins once foals hips are through
umbilical cord attached until mare stands or foal tries to stand

stage 2 duration linked with foal survival - every 10 min increase past 30 mins associated with 10% increase in death

end of stage 2 - rupture of umbilicus

146
Q

equine parturition - stage 3

A

expulsion of placenta
10 mins - 3 hours

expulsion of foetal membranes
uterine involution

make sure all membranes out
placenta should look like trousers with a bag attached at the crotch

147
Q

parturition stage timings by species

A

mare -
1-12 hours
30 mins
<3 hours

cow -
4-24 hours
30 mins - 3 hours
12-16 hours

ewe -
6 - 12 hours
30 mins - 1 hour
3 - 6 hours

sow -
12 - 24 hours
30 mins - 4 hours
4 hours

148
Q

equine - causes of dystocia

A

slightly more common in first time foaling
emergency

abnormal orientation of foetus - most common
foetal abnormality - usually limb contracture, others inclduing hydrocephalus, twinning
fetal oversize - rare, not related to gestational age
mare factors - uterine inertia, exhaustion, orthopedic conditions (Eg pelvic fracture)

149
Q

equine parturition - when to intervene

A

failure of progression of stage 2 after 20 mins
malpresentation
somthing at vulva that shouldn’t be there
severe colic - mare seeming more painful than they should be, thrashing around a lot

150
Q

equine - assisted vaginal delivery

A

manual attempt to deliver per vagina
attempt for no more than 20 mins
mare awake or slightly sedated
correct postural abnormalities
pull with contractions - easier and less risk of damage
ropes or chains can be used on foals legs or heads but no calving jacks

prep for next stage while doing just in case - jugular catheter and pre med

151
Q

equine parturition - controlled vaginal delivery

A

vaginal delivery under GA
no uterine contractions or straining under GA
elevate hindquarters to push foetus back in first to give room to reposition
best done in hospital - need something to lift hindlimbs
warm water and lube pumped into uterus with stomach tube and pump
once repositioned then lower legs and pull foal out by traction

prep for next stage while doing this just in case - clip abdomen, surgical scrub prepared

152
Q

equine parturition - c-section or fetotomy

A

if no progress at controlled vaginal delivery after 15-20 mins

ventral midline under GA
terminal c-section if mare has fatal injury and just needing to save foal
fetotomy if sure foal is dead - need to be very carefully if want mare to be able to foal again

153
Q

equine parturition - red bag

A

premature placental separation
placenta starts to come away from uterus
placenta presents at vulva stage one without being ruptured - can see cervical star on placenta
uncommon
quick intervention needed, foal likely to be deprived of oxygen

manually rupture bag and deliver foal ASAP

154
Q

postparturient hemorrhage - equine

A

usually rupture of middle uterine artery during stage 2
more likely in older mares after multiple pregnancies
bleed usually contained in broad ligament - hematoma - no blood visible internally

155
Q

postparturient hemorrhage - equine - signs

A

often no blood visible
if bleeding escapes broad ligament - uncontrolled bleeding into abdomen - more serious

violent colic - stretching of broad ligament
flehmen response - lip curling

cardiovascular shock - if happens then shock signs will be more apparent than colic signs -
tachycardia
weak pulse
sweating
muscle fasciculations
pale mms
recumbency
prolonged CRT

may be fatal

156
Q

postparturient hemorrhage - equine - diagnosis

A

signs - esp in shock - recumbent with abdomen full of blood, pale mm
more difficult if confined to broad ligament
may be able to palpate rectally - but can be painful and may disrupt clot

bloods - in acute stages may see normal RBC parameters, may see hypoproteinemia, high lactate
US - free blood in abdomen
abdominocentesis - confirm presence of blood

157
Q

postparturient hemorrhage - equine - treatment

A

transexamic acid - antifibrinolytic - stabilise clot
shock treatment - fluids, NSAIDs, oxygen
whole blood transfusion - don’t often have blood bags around, can do by autotransfusion with blood from abdomen through as doesn’t clot

if quite stable -
conservative treatment - leave quiet in box with foal, allow a certain level of hypotension and monitor, if get through first few hours may just recover on their own

158
Q

postparturient metritis - equine

A

inflammation of uterine wall
deeper than endometritis
becomes more permeable - allows bacteria and toxins into circulation
leads to endotoxemia or bacteremia
usually following dystocia or retained foetal membranes for considerable time

signs -
fever
anorexia
laminitis

laminitis potentially life threatening - toxins affect laminae, can affect all four limbs

treat -
foot support and icing
systemic broad spectrum antibiotics
NSAIDs
IV fluids if need cardiovascular support
large volume lavage twice daily to remove uterine contaminants

159
Q

postparturient uterine tear/rupture - equine

A

direct from foal during dystocia or from manipulation to correct
usually at tip of pregnant horn
full or partial thickness

signs dependant on tear and degree of contamination
interval from occurrence of tear to treatment key in likelihood of survival

evisceration of gut through tear - rare but fatal complication

diagnosis -
often difficult - tear may be small or in an awkward area
degree of contamination not always correlated with size of tear
peritonitis within 5 days of foaling - colic, fever, depression
abdominocentesis - high nucleated WBCs and TP, sometimes bacteria
examination of placenta - may have defect where tear is
endoscopy - good visualisation but have to inflate uterus which could make tear worse

treat -
medical - antibiotics, NSAIDs, oxytocin to promote uterine involution
surgical repair

160
Q

postm parturient prolapse - equine

A

usually uterine but still uncommon
usually after dystocia
associated with hypocalcemia
maybe complicated by bladder or intestine involvement or concurrent hemorrhage from vessels torn while prolapsing

treat -
replace uterus
support prolapse at level of vulva and take weight off
usually can be done under sedation but if straining alot may need epidural or GA
remove any foetal membranes still attached first
gentle massage and ensure fully replaced
broad spectrum antibiotics and NSAIDs - prevent metritis and inflammation
oxytocin
purse string suture - optinonal
daily lavage - mitigate metritis, do as long as fluid coming back out looks grim

good prognosis with treatment
future fertility affected by how damaged uterus is and how well it is replaced

161
Q

postparturient perineal injuries - equine

A

more common than in other species - maybe because stage 2 so quick
vaginal tears or vaginal hematoma, can be accompanied by uterine tear

3rd degree tear - more extensive, usually from abnormal foal presentation

usually not a big problem - look bad but can delay treatment until 3 weeks after foaling so oedema and inflammation go down, get better idea of how it is

mare should be given season off breeding
may create hematoma at vulva - big lump, bleeds outwardly

usually recover with rest and antiinflammatories over around 10 days

162
Q

postparturient cervial tears - equine

A

usually from foaling without cervix relaxed enough or too much traction applied when not ready
prognosis dependant on size and location of tear
may have impact on future fertility

surgical repair possible but may still have loss of cervical function - permanent infertility, need cervix to form tight seal

diagnosis - digital palpation, ideally after foal heat

163
Q

postparturient inversion of uterine horn tip - equine

A

uncommon
usually after excessive traction on retained foetal membranes
mild colic signs
if left inverted can go necrotic and cause peritonitis
can compromise further uterus use

treatment - manual reduction with gloved hand, lavage with large volumes of fluid

diagnosis - mares with known retained membranes who are still showing colic signs after removal

164
Q

postparturient GI complications - equine

A

constipation -
common after traumatic foaling, painful to pass feces
laxative and soft feed after foaling

bruising of viscera
from foal kicking or repositioning
small colon of caeca
may lead to ischemic necrosis
colic and peritonitis

rupture of viscera -
extreme cases, usually caused by foal
endotoxic shock - usually fatal

165
Q

native deer species

A

red
fallow
roe

166
Q

invasive deer species

A

sika
muntjac - legally classed as invasive
chinese water deer

167
Q

domesticated deer species

A

reindeer

168
Q

red deer

A

largest native species
only widely farmed species
good temperament
short day seasonal breeders - rut september-november
calving april-july
normal and white varieties

169
Q

fallow deer

A

not often farmed - wild or park
short day breeder, slightly later than red deer
palmated antlers
more nervous and fractious
difficult to handle
stay in large groups

170
Q

roe deer

A

wild only - stress in captive groups and when confined
smaller than other native species
long day seasonal breeders - delayed implantation, fertilised embryo arrests until good time
solitary - small family groups

171
Q

skia deer

A

parks - fractious temperament
spotty bambi deer
genetically similar to red deer but smaller

172
Q

muntjac

A

tiny
all year round breeder
invasive species
illegal to release outside of park
small antlers
distinctive barking sound

173
Q

chinese water deer

A

nervous temperament
small
no antlers
fangs

174
Q

reindeer

A

domesticated in UK
exhibition and pet groups, hired out round xmas
males usually castrated - can cause health issue but needed or will get aggressive
both sexes grow antlers
sociable temperament

175
Q

deer behaviour general

A

prey species
new to domestication
seasonal aggression
different social cues frome other species and between deer species

176
Q

deer farms

A

almost all venison
mostly red deer
regularly handled - but still risky, esp during rut

must go through abattoir

routine management -
antlers off annually after velvet stripped
all tagged
weighing - for meds
vaccination
scanning - conception rates
trace element supplementation
weaning of young
medications and treatments - eg worming

177
Q

wild deer issues

A

likely issues -
injuries
RTAs
orphaned deer

easily stressed - usually euthanise
care for risk to staff

awareness of laws important - need to know where different species can be released

178
Q

park deer

A

not routinely handled
may have public access

narrow gene pool - population management, kept at fixed level, counts through year
can be problems associated with inbreeding
venison has to go through game dealer, can’t be marketed as farmed
manage by shooting if injured or sick, don’t catch

no medication or routine antler removal
may have feeding arrangements and things to play with or not

179
Q

deer legislation

A

veterinary surgeons act -
mentioned in reference to de-antlering - act of veterinary surgery if in velvet (under anaesthetic)
also darting counts as act of vet surgery

deer act 1981 -
permissions and offences of wild and park deer - need a license to catch these alive for research or translocation (can’t do for other purposes)

animal welfare act

transport welfare

tuberculosis in animals order 2021 -
all enclosed deer under same requirements as cattle - same rules for testing but difficult as against deer act to catch park deer for disease surveillance

dangerous wild animals act -
moose and caribou covered under this as dangerous animals

179
Q

reindeer management

A

vax - clostridial
castration - most males
foot trimming
de-antlering - annual cycle disrupted by castration
care with feeding and husbandry - most issues come from this

180
Q

common conditions on deer farms

A

PGE
lungworm
copper deficiency
pasteurella
yersiniosis
cryptosporidium
bovine tb

181
Q

common conditions deer parks

A

often related to stocking density

PGE
lungworm
failure to thrive
clostridial disease
toxicity
dystocia
tangling/snaring injuries

182
Q

common conditions reindeer

A

PGE
nutritional scouring
MCF - ovine/caprine herpes
trace element deficiencies
lameness
ill thrift
clostridial disease
pasteurellosis

antler problems - associated with castration, may need hormone therapy -
need annual removal
perruques
antler warts
broken antlers
pedicle infections
fly strike
infection
damage to velvet

183
Q

deer artificial breeding

A

semen mostly imported from NZ
transcervical or laprascopic insemination - act of veterinary surgery
embryo transfer not common in UK

184
Q

orphaned deer

A

castration and euthanasia of males
use ewes or goats milk, consider whether likely to have had enough colostrum for immunity once released
difficult to manage
often have co-morbidities
flystrike and septicemia common

potential for issues with socialisation and behaviour when released

185
Q

deer - bovine tb

A

contract and spread
statutory surveillance
mostly pm identification, skin and blood testing on farms

186
Q

notifiable diseases in deer

A

bovine TB
foot nd mouth
bluetongue
epizootic hemorrhagic virus
chronic wasting disease

187
Q

chronic wasting disease - deer

A

TSE
highly contagious from secretions and tissues
fatal

not zoonotic

188
Q

goat parameters

A

temp - 38.5-39.5
variable HR - depends on age, size and metabolic work
RR - 10-30, 20-40 for kids
rumen turnover - 1 per min
BCS - judge by brisket, carry weight underneath and can have a lot of internal fat

189
Q

parasitic gastric enteritis - goat

A

thin goat

not natural grazers so don’t develop good immunity to worms
affects all ages

signs -
weight loss
dull hair
bald patches
reduced appetite
scurfy skin
may scour but not always

trichostronglyes, ostertagia - crossover with sheep
co-grazing a risk factor
fluke and coccidia common

treat -
all wormers effective - care with levamisole, narrow safety margins
use goat specific doses - ususlaly higher than sheep

190
Q

johnes - goats

A

mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
feco-oral and colostrum and milk transmission
infected when young

slow progressive thickening of ileum
immune depression
weight loss
with or without diarrhoea

test negative when already shedding
usually only detected at pm

testing -
fecal culture - gold standard but expensive and takes lpong
serology ELISA - cheaper but less sensitive
milk ELISA
fecal PCR - pooled up to 10 individuals, also expensive
actiphage - new test, finds bacteria, currently only tb in humans but maybe soon

vaccine available and commonly used

191
Q

caseous lymphadentitis (CLA) - goats

A

thin goar

crynebacterium pseudotubercoluosis

pus filled LNs
internal and external types - classified by which LNs affected
internal may seem fine outside but full of pus inside

diagnosis -
culture or serology - neither particularly good

not treatment available

prevention -
snatch kidding
stocking densities down

192
Q

caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) - goats

A

thin goat

lentivirus
similar to maedi-visna in sheep - cross species transmission possible

transmission through contact, esp dam-kid transmission, coughing, sharing troughs, milking machines

diagnosis - serology

193
Q

tuberculosis - goats

A

thin goat

notifiable

looks different from in cows - large, thin walled abscesses with liquid pus instead of cheesy
very rapid spread

no statutory testing, pre movement testing recommended
do have to test if next to another farm with outbreak

prevention - biosecurity, AI for breeding, wildlife proofing

test - intradermal skin test

194
Q

cryptosporidium - goat

A

scouring

young goats - up to 5 weeks
profuse watery scour
up to 100% morbidity, 20% mortality

causes - contamination of kidding area, poor colostrum uptake

treat affected pen with profor powder in milk for 3-5 days
disinfect pens

195
Q

coccidiosis - goats

A

scouring

common in kids

risk factos -
large farms with high stocking density
sheds and pasture with long history of goats on

can be fatal
impaired growth and production

treat - baycox at sheep rate

prevent - disinfection

196
Q

other causes of scouring kids - goats

A

PGE
salmonella

197
Q

clostridial scour - goats

A

scouring

adults
common in milking goats
associated with concentrate feeding

c perfringens D

causes enterotoxemia

treat - b multi vitamin injection, NSAIDs, insevere cases antibiotics and fluids
vaccine responsive

difficult to diagnose

198
Q

other causes of scour in adults - goats

A

johnes
PGE
salmonella

199
Q

joint ill - goats

A

lameness in kids

t pyogenes, e coli, strep or staph or mycoplasma or any combo of
secondary to septicemia

prevention - hygiene, colostrum management

treat - draxxin, meloxicam

200
Q

white muscle disease - goats

A

lameness in kids

selenium/vit e deficiency during gestation
may show up a bit after birth when growing fast

prevention -
check milk replacer
feed concentrate to dam late pregnancy

treat - vietsel at sheep dose - only works if done early enough

201
Q

other causes of lameness in kids - goats

A

injuries

202
Q

digital dermatitis - goats

A

lameness in adults

treponema spp

sole, wall and toe ulvers
coronary band swelling
no interdigital involvement
sole horn separation
hyperkeratosis
bony changes in pedal bone

treat - amoxycilin

203
Q

footrot - goats

A

lameness in adults

dichelobacter nodosus

grey slimy discharge
interdigital dermatitis
sole horn separation
no coronary band changes

treat - oxytet

204
Q

other causes of lameness in adults - goats

A

CAE
bentleg

can have high prevalence - treat early and aggressively, cull in chronic cases or where there are horn changes
regular footbath for healthy goats - zinc sulphate

205
Q

pasteurellosis - goats

A

coughing goat

common
often incidental finding on pm

treat -
draxxin
meloxicam
amoxyclav or oxytet for milkers

vaccine available - primary course for kids then boost at weaning

206
Q

ectoparasites - goats

A

itching/scabbing

chorioptic mange -
very common
lower limbs, belly, scrotum
not itchy
ivermectin to treat

lice -
biting and sucking kids
severe in kids or immunosuppressed
itchy
eprinomectin to treat

207
Q

other causes of itching/scabbing - goats

A

zinc deficiency
pygmy goat skin diswease
pemphigus follaceus

208
Q

breeding manipulation - goats

A

in season -
CIDR devices for synchronisation
seasonal breeders - autumn/winter
pseudopregnancy - ‘cloudburst’ - diagnose with US

out of season breeding -
light manipulation - dark shed with CIDR sync
cloudburst more common

209
Q

routine goat surgeries - disbudding

A

only by vet
2-7 days old - rapid growth
GA or sedation - LA not well tolerated
care - thin skull

210
Q

routine goat surgeries - castration

A

sedation or GA
wait if poss
ring if under 7 days
open castrate over 7 days
NSAIDs and antibiotics post op depending on cleanliness

211
Q

routine goat surgeries - c-section

A

common in pygmy goats
same procedure as ewes
care with LA
right lateral or standing
NSAIDs and antibiotics post op - metacam and synulox
oxytocin after

212
Q

common pitfalls of foot trimming - cattle

A

overtrimming - leaves sole too thin, may lead to lameness or remove protective chorium causing more damage

shaping the wall - remove horn at toe, shaping wall won’t change weight bearing and can undermine it

removing axial white line - important for weight bearing

chasing black marks - often just normal pigmentation

removing too much heel - not correcting angle and causing them to tilt backwards, puts pressure on main ulcer site

213
Q

sole hemorrhage and ulcer - pathophysiology - cattle

A

extensor tendon joins at extensor process - chorium easily compressed at this point
chorium produces healthy horn - if damaged –> poor quality horn produced
seen at sole around 6 weeks after initial insult

higher risk around calving, esp in heifers - hormonal changes and stress, relaxation of suspensory ligament

red colouring at point of haemorrhage
can also see generalised haemorrhage throughout sole

risk factors -
standing time
stress
time on concrete
esp in heifers unaccustomed to concrete

sole ulcer - hole through chorium, complete cessation of horn production at site - end stage lesion, permanent changes, scarring to chorium, bony growths
once ulcer occurred will always have the changes and more likely to happen again

214
Q

sole haemorrhage and ulcer - prevention - cattle

A

routine trimming - prevent overgrowth and reduce pressure
focus on time spent standing - affected by time spent milking, cubicle design, bedding, feed space, stocking density, water space, social dynamics

spending a lot of time standing doing nothing not normal for cows - should work out why

215
Q

sole haemorrhage and ulcer - treatment - cattle

A

trim, block, 3 days of ketoprofen - optimum (block on sound claw to take weight off)
remove underrun horn for drainage
correct balance when trimming
antiinflammatories remove inflammation and damage in chorium to allow healing, only short course needed

216
Q

white line disease - pathogenesis - cattle

A

similar pathogenesis to sole ulcer/haemorrhage
choriosis on area beneath outer ridge where white line is - damage leads to poor quality horn production at white line
lets crud in leading to abscess formation

visible after stage 3 of trimming
black marks, lame and painful on hoof tester
bacteria and pus collected at white line

217
Q

white line disease - treatment - cattle

A

open lesion
remove underrun horn
allow drainage of pus
then trim, block, antiinflammatories

focus on pressure where walking and turning, non slip floors, no tight turns to get to parlour
avoid uneven or stony tracks from field and rushing cows to move

218
Q

digital dermatitis - pathogenesis - cattle

A

main infectious foot lesion of cows

treponemes
treponemes on cows skin, cause disease under right conditions - anaerobic, moist
stress - immune suppression, increases incidence - esp making lots of milk or after calving

bacteria penetrate deeper layer and cause infection
severe lameness and pain

risk factors -
stress
wet mud or slurry - if feet clean less opportunity for infection to take place

219
Q

digital dermatitis - prevention - cattle

A

scraping
cleaning and drying feet
foot bathing - prevention, reduce bacterial load, not effective treatment

220
Q

digital dermatitis - treatment - cattle

A

oxytet spray - licensed, needs applied properly - clean lesion, spray, dry, reapply
other product available but less evidence
NSAIDs - ketoprofen - less lameness after, reduces pain and inflammation and allows better healing

221
Q

foot bathing

A

prevention, not treatment

long bath - multiple dips and harder to avoid
wider - less dips but multiple cows through at once, less stress from backup
12cm deep - cover front of foot
easy to fill and empty
change every 200 cows assuming 200litre (1litre per cow)

solutions -
formalin - carcinogenic, not good indoors, should use respirator if handling, can burn feet if concentration wrong, good break down environment and cheap
copper sulphate - maybe slightly more effective, safer, doesn’t cause irritation or burns, damaging to environment and more expensive
various others, ususally copper or formalin based, may have zinc and detergent - less evidence

222
Q

licensed NSAIDs - cattle

A

ketprofen -
short withdrawal - none for milk, 1-4 for meat
expensive
licensed for clinical mastitis, pain from lameness, parturient paresis, udder oedema, pyrexia, resp disease distress
only product licensed for lameness pain
daily injection 3 days

carprofen -
longer duration
0 day milk withdrawal, 21 meat
licensed for resp distress and mastitis with antibiotics
often already have on farm - convenient
single injection

meloxicam -
5 day milk withdrawal, 15 day meat
licensed resp infections and acute mastitis with antibiotics, diarrhoea, dehorning
single injection

flunixin -
cheap
24 hour milk withdrawal, 10 day meat
licensed resp disease and acute mastitis
some evidence improves lameness pain but short duration only looked at

223
Q

toe necrosis - cattle

A

starts as toe ulcer
usually from over trimming or excessive wear from rough concrete
secondary infection - treponemes
deep necrotic lesion

digit amputation or radical trim

224
Q

wall ulcer - cattle

A

penetration of bacteria into white line lesion
extensive infection into chorium

remove all infected chorium and wall - extensive resection under anaesthetic

225
Q

deep digital sepsis - cattle

A

bacterial penetration - usually through a sole ulcer
infection of bone, joint, or tendons
pus out of sole ulcer site
swelling around coronary band

digit amputation
culling if severe

referral for arthrodesis if very valuable animal
need xray to determine wall structure affected

226
Q

common periparturient conditions - cattle

A

3 weeks before and after calving

hypocalcemia - milk fever
ketosis
fatty liver
LDA
RDA
metritis

227
Q

common periparturient conditions - sheep

A

10 days before and 7 days after lambing

pregnancy toxemia
hypocalcemia
genital tract problems - tears, prolapse
dystocia
acute clinical mastitis
resp disease

228
Q

milk fever signs - cattle

A

common
contributes to incidence of other problems - down cow, uterine inertia, dystocia, calf mortality, uterine prolapse, retained foetal membranes, environmental mastitis (from being down more)

inappetence
dullness
lethargy
hypersensitivity - initial stages
stiff, straight hocks
reluctance to moce
incoordination and ataxia
progression - recumbency, head turned to side, higher HR, dilated pupils, reduced PRL, gut stasis –> bloat and constipation, depression, unresponsiveness
eventual coma and death

229
Q

equine dentistry - sharp enamel points

A

most common equine mouth issue - maxillary teeth wider than mandibular, sharp enamel points on side sticking out

routine reduction of points
just round off edges, not occusal surface
spurs can cause buccal ulceration - painful but usually don’t show signs
other overgrowths from missing opposing teeth or defective opposing teeth
weird growing to close gap when a tooth removed

parrot mouth - incisors protrude, abnormalities further back also so check

step mouth

wave mouth

reduce gradually over time - 4 mm every 3 months
care for underlying pulp

230
Q

equine dentistry - odontoplasty principles

A

minimise time working on one tooth - <7seconds at once, rasp creates a lot of heat
flush often - remove debris and cool, warm water helpful to stop dental mirror steaming up
clean burrs regularly - clear debris and cool, more efficient rasping
periodic examination of tooth surface - don’t go too deep, don’t want to see pink
limit removal of occlusal crown - 3-4mm

231
Q

equine dentistry - senile excavation

A

“smooth mouth”
worn down almost into pulp chamber
infundibular enamel lost - whole middle is soft dentine - wears away quickly
smooth and hard
progresses through arcade, can reach point where no grinding ability

232
Q

equine dentistry - retained deciduous teeth

A

can be hard to spot
adult tooth at bottom with cap sitting on top
remove if obvious pain, quidding or trapped food
sometimes retention can cause displacement of permanent teet
shouldn’t be caps after 1 year

233
Q

equine dentistry - diastemata

A

cheek teeth should be tight together - gaps form, food trapped between
irritates gingiva

developmental - head not growing fast enough for teeth
senile - wear away and erupt creating more space betwen teeth

progression to gingival and periodontal disease - gingivitis, gingival recession, periodontal pocketing
pain, quidding, weight loss, bitting problems

sedation and analgesia -
nerve block - care if doing both sides, bite tongue
flood channels with LA instead and leave 5 mins
flunixin and morphine as well - very painful

treat -
analgesia, clean and debride - fill again quickly
dietary management - grass or short chop forage
odontoplasty - widen gap so food gets out, gives gingiva chance to heal, care not to damage pulp horns
repeated treatments often needed
filling or bridging - soft dental impression material or hard acrylic

234
Q

equine dentistry - periapical infection (PAI)

A

tooth root infection
usually back teeth
can lead to sinusitis - face swelling
pulp exposure as sequelae - tooth dies –> odontoblasts stop laying dentine –> eventually pulp exposed
septic pulpitis - infection in pulp chamber
can also lead to lymphadenopathy

can fit probe into pulp horns
check with xray - messy looking, blunting of normal tooth anatomy, loss of definition
may see draining tract if mandibular tooth - can stick a metal rod up to see which tooth on xray
CT - black gas in pulp chambers of affected tooth

causes -
hematogenous spread - most common - young horse, lots of blood flow round teeth, can be compounded by other teeth issues - eg food impaction
vertical impaction of cheek teeth
denral fracture - not often, can usually be left but monitored
deep extension of periodontal disease
extension of infundibular cares - rare
iatrogenic pulpar exposure - cut into it with burr

235
Q

equine dentistry - infundibular cares

A

only possible in maxillary cheek teeth - not mandibular
predisposes to premature wear, fracture and infection
caused by acid producing bacteria

grading, eg -
2 - involvement of cementum and enamel
3 - progression to dentine
4/5 - loss of tooth integrity

can lead to fracture, need to remove

infundibular restoration -
clean out
fill infundibulum with acrylic
prevent further progression and fracture

236
Q

equine dentistry - odontoclastic resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH)

A

like resorptive teeth in cats
mostly incisors
age related - common in older horses

signs -
periodontal disease - gingival swelling, ulceration, periodontal pockets, discharging tracts
decreased appetite
weight loss
oral ulceration
loose or fractured teeth
oral pain - asses pain biting through carrot at different points of arcade

xray - bulbous enlargement of roots, fracture

treat -
extraction - can cope well without incisors - LA and sedation, may want to take opposing tooth too

237
Q

equine dentistry - wolf tooth extraction

A

1st premolar - maxillary
doesn’t always need out
if removing better done young so doesn’t interfere with cheek tooth 06 coming in
may be displaced or molarised
if mandibular wolf toot then needs removed because will interfere with bitting

care for palatine artery when removing

238
Q

equine dentistry - sinusitis

A

usually caused by upper resp tract virus
usually self limiting
if more entrenched endoscope to see where discharge coming from

other causes -
hematoma
sequestrum
polyps
secondary to dental disease

xray to check which tooth needs taken out

239
Q
A

CMS - term 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions