preventative care 2 Flashcards
groups of anthelmentics and their levels of resistence
1-BZ- Extensive resistance
2-LV- Resistance common
3-ML- Resistance evident
emerging resistnce in-
4-AD
5-SI
Environmental impact of anthelmintic use
Faecal excretion of anthelmintic can impact on non-target species (e.g Dung beetle) and soil ecosystem- BZ and PYR < macrocyclic lactones (MLs) where 90% excreted within 4 days but IVM persists for up to 40 days in faeces.
Label information identifies Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
sheep Gastrointestinal nematodes- Abomasum
Haemonchus contortus
Teladorsagia circumcincta
Trichostrongylus axei
sheep Gastrointestinal nematodes- Small Intestine
Nematodirus spp
Trichostrongylus
spp
Cooperia spp
sheep Gastrointestinal nematodes- Large Intestine
Chabertia spp
Oesophagostomum spp
Trichuris spp
control of parasites on farm- 1. Intervention - pre-parasitic stages
Need sound knowledge of epidemiology- l1-l2-l3 (often in pasture)
Assess the risk of grazing certain pastures:
Low risk pastures
High risk pastures
Risk posed by pasture-
Clean pasture – not grazed by sheep for the previous 12 months
Safe pasture – used the previous year but safe by beginning of June
control of parasites on farm- 2. Intervention - parasitic stages in host
l4->l5
Anthelmintics
Breeding for resistance or resilience- Breed from low egg shedding stock.
Breed from animals that retain growth potential even in presence of infection
Optimise nutritional status of ewes/lambs
Vaccines?- Vaccine available for Haemonchus contortus (in Australia and S Africa only)
And still in development for T. circumcincta. Unlikely to work in isolation.
control of parasites on farm- forecasting
NADIS – National Animal Disease Information Service
www.nadis.org.uk/
Nematodirus battus
Fasciola hepatica
control of parasites on farm- GAME
Assess risk to your flock
G-General health and genetics- Optimise health status of ewes and lambs
A- Avoidance
Graze high-risk animals (lambs) on low risk pastures
Disease forecasting
Don’t ‘buy in’ resistant parasites
M- Monitoring
Measure daily live weight gain or FEC
E- Effective and efficacious treatment
cattle nematodes
Ostertagia ostertagi
Cooperia oncophora
Lungworm – Dictyocaulus viviparus
cattle trematodes
Fasciola hepatica
endoparasite control in cattle
Prevent clinical disease
Prevent sub-clinical losses
Allow immunity to develop
options-
grazing strategies
strategic seasonal anthehlmentic use to misimise pasutre contamination
tageted treatment of the whole group based on fec and weight monitoring
targeted treatment of individiual bease on stock health and growth rates
housing treatments
risk assesmemnnet-
Risk posed by pasture
Age group of animal
Health status of animal
Disease forecasting e.g fluke
Diagnostics-
Lungworm (Vaccination with Huskvac)
Ostertagia FEC, Ab detection ELISA
Fluke – coproantigen, Ab detection, FEC
horse nematodes
Cyathostomin spp
Parascaris equorum
Cestodes:
Tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata
reducing risk of parasitisim in horses posed by pasture
Appropriate stocking density
Pasture management
Faecal collection – at least twice a week
Dung heaps separate from grazing areas
Pasture rotation
Grazing with ruminants
poo picking
rotate pature
be aware of parasites that overwinter
faeces at edge of feild pose risk- larvae can spread
diagnostics for horse endoparasites
Strongyles:
FEC – centrifugation flotation (60% sensitive)
Tapeworms:
EquiSal – saliva-based ELISA
Diagnosteq (blood) Ab detection tapeworm ELISA
Herd level testing of horses, particularly on studs
Cyathostomin ELISA
Complex interpretation
Detects all parasite stages not just adult stages
In low risk horses not currently recommended until further validation has occurred.
