Prevalence, Trends & Drivers Flashcards
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
- Incidence: # of new cases in a population over a period of time
- Prevalence: total # of people with a condition divided into the total population
Note: a trend is a general direction in which something is developing or changing
What is malnutrition?
Refers to under- or over- nutrition
What are the trends in global prevalence (%, #) of malnutrition in children under 5 years?
Stunting is decreasing
Overweight is increasing
Stunting = chronic undernutrition; Wasting = acute undernutrition (children may fall in and out of this category easily and quickly, so no trends are assigned for wasting)
Define: stunting.
- Length/height-for-age greater than 2 SD below the WHO Child Growth Standards median
- Too short for age
- Chronic condition
Note: greater than 3SD = severe stunting
Define: wasting.
- Weight-for-height greater than 2 SD below the WHO Child Growth Standards median
- Child too light for height; results from recent rapid weight loss or failure to gain weight
- Acute condition
Note greater than 3 SD = severe wasting
Define: overweight.
- weight-for-height greater than 2 SD above the WHO Child Growth Standards median
- Too heavy for height
- Chronic condition
Note: greater than 2 SD = severe overweight
Describe the global prevalence of stunting.
Describe the global prevalence of wasting.
Notice that Southern Asia is the subregion with the highest wasting prevalence.
What is 1 short-term consequence associated with wasting & stunting?
- Greater susceptibility to disease
What is 1 long-term consequence associated with wasting & stunting?
- Intergenerational effects
- Economic loss
How can nutrition assessment mitigate the consequences of stunting or wasting?
- By identifying cases of malnutrition early, treatment can be administered during a child’s critical period of growth and development
What are the lasting negative impacts of stunting?
- Poor cognition & educational performance
- Short adult stature
- Lower economic productivity
- Reproductive & pregnancy complications
- Increased risk of chronic diseases, especially when accompanied by weight gain later in life
What are the lasting negative impacts of wasting?
- Weakened immunity; longterm developmental delays; increased risk of death (1 in 10 children)
Describe the global prevalence of overweight in children.
Notice that New Zealand and Australia are grouped together, and that Northen Africa also has high prevalence.
What are risks associated with underweight BMI?
- Osteoporosis
- Malnutrition
- Infertility
- Slow recovery from illness
- Compromised immune function
Recall the J-shaped curve
