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Neuroscience > Presynaptic mechanisms Dr. Chirwa > Flashcards

Presynaptic mechanisms Dr. Chirwa Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major form of communication within the nervous system?

A

Communication is done via SYNAPSES

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2
Q

How does a synapses work?

A

Communication signals are transmitted from the upstream neuron (presynaptic) to the downstream (postsynaptic) neuron

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3
Q

What is the functional contact between neurons?

A

Synapses

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4
Q

What are the two types of neurons?

A

Electrical and chemical

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5
Q

How does an electrical synapses work?

A

Current will flow through gap junctions (membrane channels that connect two cells together)

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6
Q

How does a chemical synapses work?

A

Neurotransmitters (chemical) are released to enable cell-to-cell communication.

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7
Q

What do gap junctions contain?

A

-Hexameric complexes formed by subunits (connexons channels)
-Connexons contain the integral protein connexin
- Connexons will provide the path pr “channel” to allow current to flow through

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8
Q

How does the postsynaptic neuron become depolarized?

A

From action potential in presynaptic neurons

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9
Q

Is there direct or indirect current flow for chemical synapses?

A

Indirect flow. There will be no direct flow for chemical synapses due to there being no intercellular continuity

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10
Q

What is the purpose of synapsin?

A

Synapsin will keep the vesicles (neurotransmitters) held together until a single vesicles is ready for the docking process

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11
Q

What is the docking process of a vesicle?

A

Docking process: The synapsin that’s holding the vesicle’s together will release 1 vesicle at a time. Once the vesicle is free, it will dock closer to the plasma lamina to get ready to be released

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12
Q

What happens after the vesicle has docked?

A

Ca2+ will enter the cell and signal for the vesicle to be released from the docking stage. The vesicle will then travel to the postsynaptic neuron to release the intended neurotransmitter.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of Clathrin?

A

Clathrin will help close the entry/exit point from where the Ca2+ and vesicle entered/exit by ENDOCYTOSIS

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14
Q

Purpose of Synaptobrevin?

A

To hold and bring the vesicle closer to the plasma lamina membrane.

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15
Q

Purpose of SNAP-25?

A

To hold Synaptobrevin and Syntaxin together while they work together to bring the vesicle closer to the membrane

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16
Q

Purpose of Syntaxin?

A

To attach to the plasma membrane lamina while holding onto Synaptobrevin

17
Q

Purpose of Synaptotagmin?

A

Synaptotagmin is a signal for Ca2+ to be released into the membrane. Ca2+ will bind to synaptotagmin . The vesicle will be released after this last signal (neurotransmitter will be released to the postsynaptic)

18
Q

SNARE proteins:

A

Syntaxin
Synaptobrevin
SNAP-25
Synaptotagmin

19
Q

What will toxins from Clostridial toxins do?

A

Toxins will cleave SNARE proteins resulting leading to inhibiting transmitters

20
Q

What will BOTULINUM toxin block?

A

the release of excitatory Acetylcholine at the NMJ

21
Q

What does TETANUS toxin block?

A

the release of inhibitory transmitters Glycine and GABA

22
Q

What causes paralysis of neuromuscular synapses and skeletal muscle weakness?

A

Botulinum toxin blocking the release of ACH

23
Q

How long does it take for a vesicle to be recycled to be reused?

A

1min

24
Q

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome:

A

antibodies will bind to Ca2+ channels and disrupt neuromuscular transmission

25
Q

What is the criteria for identifying as a neurotransmitter?

A

Must include:
Synthesis
Storage
Release
Mimicry
Inactivation

26
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitters?

A

Small molecule transmitters
Peptide transmitters

27
Q

Where are small molecule transmitters made?

A

At the terminal region of the axon

28
Q

Where are the enzymes made for small molecule transmitters?

A

Inside of the SOMA (cell body).

29
Q

How are the small molecule transmitter enzymes made?

A

From slow anterograde transport (0.5-5mm/day). Not dependent on microtubules or ATPase motor molecules

30
Q

Where are the peptide transmitters and enzymes synthesis at?

A

SOMA (cell body)

31
Q

What are the peptide transmitters transported by ?

A

Fast anterograde transport (100-400 mm/day). Dependent on Kinesin (ATPase). Will be stored at the synaptic region until ready for transport

32
Q

T/F: Vesicle can contain more than 1 type of transmitter?

A

True

33
Q

How is Glutamate terminated?

A

By the uptake of glial cells via transporters. Glutamate will then be converted into glutamine. Glutamine is then taken up nerve terminals and converted back into glutamate

33
Q

What is the predominant precursor for GABA?

A

Glucose. Pyruvate and glutamine can also act as GABA precursors

34
Q

What does Acetylcholine serve as?

A

The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

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