Pressure and release model (release)

Question 1

The release model demonstrates vulnerability can be reduced and resilience increased by addressing:

Answer 1

Safety
Reducing the pressures
Addressing the root causes
Hazard mitigation

Question 2

address root causes(3 on number line of progression of safety

Answer 2

favour equitable distribution
power
wealth
resources

challenge
ideology
militarism

consider heritages
traditions
religons

Question 3

reduce pressures (2

Answer 3

develop :
local institutions
training and education
local markets
ethical standards
press freedom

public actions;
health programmes
environmental MGMT
urban development

address macro forces;
scheduling debt repayment
governance and transparent
improve rural opportunities

Question 4

achieve safe conditions

Answer 4

access to land and water

hazard resistant buildings

improve income opportunities

socio economic;
resilient economy
social inclusion

public
education

Question 5

Controlled situation

Answer 5

limited damage

Question 6

hazard mitigation

Answer 6

defences

preparation and planning

adaptations

vaccination
afforestation
emission control

Question 7

Comparing the impact of hazards on different countries is not as straightforward as comparing developed and developing/emerging countries. If asked to compare the impacts in the exam you should also consider the following:

Answer 7

Economic costs are much greater in developed countries (and to a lesser extent emerging countries). This is because the properties and infrastructure destroyed cost more

The impacts of tsunami and earthquakes are usually greater than the impacts of eruptions wherever they happen

Areas of low population are likely to experience lower impacts