Presentations of kidney and urinary tract disease Flashcards
Olgiuria definition
Urine output <0.5ml/kg/hr
Nocturnal polyuria
Nocturnal urine output >1/3 of urine output in 24hrs
Nocturia definition
Waking up at night > or equal 1 occasion to micturate/void
Polyuria definition
urine output >3l/24hrs
Anuria definition
No urine output
What is the 1st stage of acute kidney injury?
Risk- increase serum creatinine by 1.5x or decreased GFR by 35% or urine outflow <0.5ml/kg/6hrs
What is the second stage of AKI?
Injury- increase in serum creatinine level 2X or decrease in GFR by 50% or UO <0.5ml/kg/for 12hrs.
What is the 3rd stage of AKI?
Faliure-increase in serum creatinine level 3x or decrease in GFR by 75% or UO <0.3ml/kg/24hrs or anuria for 12hrs
What is 4th stage of AKI?
Loss- persistent acute renal failure or complete loss of kidney function> 4weeks.
What is the final (5th) stage of AKI?
End-stage kidney disease-complete loss of kidney function >3months.
What are the functions of the kidney?
Body fluid homeostasis Electrolyte homeostasis Acid-base homeostasis Regulation of vascular tone Excretion of waste or toxic substances Endocrine functions- vit D metabolism, renin
What are some specific lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)?
Storage problem symptoms: frequency, nocturia, urge incontinence
Voiding problem symptoms: poor flow, intermittency, terminal dribble
incontinence symptoms: stress, urge, overflow, dribbling.
What is the risk of a patient having bladder cancer if they present with visible haematuria?
25-30%
Define acute urinary retention
Painful inability to void with a palpable and percussible bladder.
Most commonly caused by benign prostatic obstruction.
Bladder volume >800ml
Define chronic urinary retention
Painless, palpable and percussible bladder after voiding.
This patient will have a large residual volume of urine in the bladder, this is usually due to detrusor underactivity.
Only the patients with high residuals and therefore high pressure need treatment- they should be immediatley catheterised.
