presentation questions final Flashcards
how does the current rate at which CO2 is released into the atmosphere compare to CO2 rates of the past?
it is faster than any previously recorded rate
which marine organisms are the most vulnerable to ocean acidification?
sea stars, anemones, fish, crenoids
why have some oyster hatcheries gone bankrupt or left the state of Florida?
increasing ocean acidification resulting in less efficient calcification
how much has the ocean’s pH dropped since before the Industrial Revolution?
0.1
in the Arctic Ocean, the freshwater coming from melted ice ____
rises to the top
phytoplankton population is _______ due to ice melting
growing
what is the effect of melting ice on seabird populations?
population is decreasing
how is the melting sea ice changing the crust in the Arctic Ocean?
the crust is rising underneath
data from a minimum of ____ is required to accurately evaluate the ENSO continuum
300-500 years
how does warming affect the vertical distribution of water?
mixing is decreased
what are the ways ENSO effects economics?
it affects both agriculture and tourism revenue
what is a factor of the minimum sound speed in most of the ocean?
salinity
what is the SOFAR channel?
a channel in the ocean that allows sound to carry great distances
what is a type of anthropogenic noise in the ocean?
vessel noise
what could affect the SOFAR channel’s location and function?
vessel noise
what do whales rely on the SOFAR channel for?
all of the above
which of the following is a fishing method that contributes to the overfishing of tuna?
all of the above
which best defines overfishing?
when a species is removed from the population at a rate which they cannot replenish
what is the economic impact of overfishing?
decrease in food and economic security
define pirate fishing
illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing
what is not a reason for the need for seafloor mining?
ecosystem benefit
which ecosystem is most targeted by seafloor mining?
hydrothermal vents and microbial mats
what marine environment would seafloor mining affect?
all of the above
what is the purpose of seafloor mining?
extracting rich ocean-floor sediments
what are the potential environmental effects of seafloor mining?
all of the above
who introduced the concept of Ocean Acoustic Tomography?
Walter Munk and Carl Wunsch
which layer of the ocean is the SOFAR channel found in?
thermocline
the speed of sound waves in the ocean is mostly impacted by ____ and _____
temperature and pressure
the SOFAR depth closest to the poles is around
100 m
which animal is often associated with the SOFAR channel?
whales
what is the main cause of coral reef and coastline degradation?
climate change
what are the future projections of wind strength and wave height
wave height will increase and wind strength will increase
which of the following is a preventative measure that coastal communities use to slow down erosion?
all of the above
which are affected by coral reef and coastline degradation?
all of the above
how does the loss of coral reefs leave some fish more susceptible to predation?
reef fish use reefs as protection from predators, leaving them exposed if there is no coral to hide in
what does excess heat do to the algae living in coral reefs?
expels them from their polyps, turning coral white
what is the leading greenhouse gas contributing to climate change and coral reef death?
carbon dioxide
why is it a problem that nutrients aren’t reaching the seafloor?
few nutrients naturally occur on the seafloor and deep-sea organisms rely on recycled nutrients for metabolism and survival
what island is home to five sea turtle nesting beaches in Africa?
Bioko Island
how much has the sea level rose since the 1880s?
8-9 inches
what is the main contributor to sea-level rise?
climate change
what is not a potential impact of sea-level rise?
volcano formation
how was an island in the Phillipines able to adapt to sea-level rise in the area?
built their houses on stilts
why are hypoxic zones called “dead zones”?
all organisms die out or leave
how does hypoxia occur?
decomposition of bacteria and algae in the water consume the available oxygen in the water
what does the term hypoxic mean?
most of the water’s oxygen is lost
what is the term used for when there is an excess amount of nutrients in a body of water?
eutrophication
what does the term anoxic mean?
all available oxygen in the water is lost
at its peak, how many barrels of oil were predicted to be spewed into the Gulf of Mexico per day?
60,000
how many sea turtles were estimated to be exposed to oil from the Deepwater Horizon?
400,000
during what months are prime spawning for Bluefin Tuna?
April-May
what was not a morphological abnormality in Bluefin Tuna after the DWH oil spill?
reduced lung capacity
what percentage of dolphin pregnancies were successful in the wake of the DWH oil spill?
20%
which country contributes the most amount of plastic pollution into our ocean?
China
what type of organisms are the main contributors in helping coral reefs survive and maintain that niche?
zooxanthellae
when did the coastal zone management act pass?
1972
what is a hard structure that can be used to prevent beach erosion?
sea wall
which is not affected by the decline of coral reefs?
climate change
what part of the reef is responsible for breaking waves on an atoll?
fore reef slope
what is the leading cause of coral degradation?
climate change
what are the 4 main types of alternate ocean energy?
wind, tidal, wave, and thermal
why is it important to switch to alternative energy?
because alternative energy is a more environmentally sustainable way to generate energy
what year did Bob Ballard discover hydrothermal vents?
1977
climate change can alter Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns that will affect ____ to deep-sea regions where hydrothermal vent ecosystems occur
ocean currents
what anthropogenic disturbance will cause the most damage to the seafloor and surrounding hydrothermal vent communities?
mineral extraction
how do organisms that live near hydrothermal vents rely on chemosynthetic bacteria?
bacteria are used as a food source
what is the toxin produced by Karenia brevis?
brevetoxin
what is the manatee closely related to
dugong
Karenia brevis is a
dinoflagellate
the toxin of Karenia brevis is what kind of toxin?
neurotoxin
what is marine snow?
falling sediment combined with organic matter
where was the Deepwater Horizon spill?
Gulf of Mexico
what year was the DWH oil spill?
2010
which of the following is not a destructive fishing practice in the coral triangle?
rod and reel fishing
what is one of the effects of overfishing in shallow water reefs?
“top-down” effect
which of the following is not a way to help prevent overfishing?
increase fish demand and consumption
which levels of the food chain can overfish affect?
A,B, C
