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OCE4008 > presentation questions final > Flashcards

presentation questions final Flashcards

1
Q

how does the current rate at which CO2 is released into the atmosphere compare to CO2 rates of the past?

A

it is faster than any previously recorded rate

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2
Q

which marine organisms are the most vulnerable to ocean acidification?

A

sea stars, anemones, fish, crenoids

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3
Q

why have some oyster hatcheries gone bankrupt or left the state of Florida?

A

increasing ocean acidification resulting in less efficient calcification

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4
Q

how much has the ocean’s pH dropped since before the Industrial Revolution?

A

0.1

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5
Q

in the Arctic Ocean, the freshwater coming from melted ice ____

A

rises to the top

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6
Q

phytoplankton population is _______ due to ice melting

A

growing

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7
Q

what is the effect of melting ice on seabird populations?

A

population is decreasing

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8
Q

how is the melting sea ice changing the crust in the Arctic Ocean?

A

the crust is rising underneath

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9
Q

data from a minimum of ____ is required to accurately evaluate the ENSO continuum

A

300-500 years

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10
Q

how does warming affect the vertical distribution of water?

A

mixing is decreased

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11
Q

what are the ways ENSO effects economics?

A

it affects both agriculture and tourism revenue

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12
Q

what is a factor of the minimum sound speed in most of the ocean?

A

salinity

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13
Q

what is the SOFAR channel?

A

a channel in the ocean that allows sound to carry great distances

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14
Q

what is a type of anthropogenic noise in the ocean?

A

vessel noise

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15
Q

what could affect the SOFAR channel’s location and function?

A

vessel noise

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16
Q

what do whales rely on the SOFAR channel for?

A

all of the above

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17
Q

which of the following is a fishing method that contributes to the overfishing of tuna?

A

all of the above

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18
Q

which best defines overfishing?

A

when a species is removed from the population at a rate which they cannot replenish

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19
Q

what is the economic impact of overfishing?

A

decrease in food and economic security

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20
Q

define pirate fishing

A

illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing

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21
Q

what is not a reason for the need for seafloor mining?

A

ecosystem benefit

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22
Q

which ecosystem is most targeted by seafloor mining?

A

hydrothermal vents and microbial mats

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23
Q

what marine environment would seafloor mining affect?

A

all of the above

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24
Q

what is the purpose of seafloor mining?

A

extracting rich ocean-floor sediments

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25
Q

what are the potential environmental effects of seafloor mining?

A

all of the above

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26
Q

who introduced the concept of Ocean Acoustic Tomography?

A

Walter Munk and Carl Wunsch

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27
Q

which layer of the ocean is the SOFAR channel found in?

A

thermocline

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28
Q

the speed of sound waves in the ocean is mostly impacted by ____ and _____

A

temperature and pressure

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29
Q

the SOFAR depth closest to the poles is around

A

100 m

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30
Q

which animal is often associated with the SOFAR channel?

A

whales

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31
Q

what is the main cause of coral reef and coastline degradation?

A

climate change

32
Q

what are the future projections of wind strength and wave height

A

wave height will increase and wind strength will increase

33
Q

which of the following is a preventative measure that coastal communities use to slow down erosion?

A

all of the above

34
Q

which are affected by coral reef and coastline degradation?

A

all of the above

35
Q

how does the loss of coral reefs leave some fish more susceptible to predation?

A

reef fish use reefs as protection from predators, leaving them exposed if there is no coral to hide in

36
Q

what does excess heat do to the algae living in coral reefs?

A

expels them from their polyps, turning coral white

37
Q

what is the leading greenhouse gas contributing to climate change and coral reef death?

A

carbon dioxide

38
Q

why is it a problem that nutrients aren’t reaching the seafloor?

A

few nutrients naturally occur on the seafloor and deep-sea organisms rely on recycled nutrients for metabolism and survival

39
Q

what island is home to five sea turtle nesting beaches in Africa?

A

Bioko Island

40
Q

how much has the sea level rose since the 1880s?

A

8-9 inches

41
Q

what is the main contributor to sea-level rise?

A

climate change

42
Q

what is not a potential impact of sea-level rise?

A

volcano formation

43
Q

how was an island in the Phillipines able to adapt to sea-level rise in the area?

A

built their houses on stilts

44
Q

why are hypoxic zones called “dead zones”?

A

all organisms die out or leave

45
Q

how does hypoxia occur?

A

decomposition of bacteria and algae in the water consume the available oxygen in the water

46
Q

what does the term hypoxic mean?

A

most of the water’s oxygen is lost

47
Q

what is the term used for when there is an excess amount of nutrients in a body of water?

A

eutrophication

48
Q

what does the term anoxic mean?

A

all available oxygen in the water is lost

49
Q

at its peak, how many barrels of oil were predicted to be spewed into the Gulf of Mexico per day?

A

60,000

50
Q

how many sea turtles were estimated to be exposed to oil from the Deepwater Horizon?

A

400,000

51
Q

during what months are prime spawning for Bluefin Tuna?

A

April-May

52
Q

what was not a morphological abnormality in Bluefin Tuna after the DWH oil spill?

A

reduced lung capacity

53
Q

what percentage of dolphin pregnancies were successful in the wake of the DWH oil spill?

A

20%

54
Q

which country contributes the most amount of plastic pollution into our ocean?

A

China

55
Q

what type of organisms are the main contributors in helping coral reefs survive and maintain that niche?

A

zooxanthellae

56
Q

when did the coastal zone management act pass?

A

1972

57
Q

what is a hard structure that can be used to prevent beach erosion?

A

sea wall

58
Q

which is not affected by the decline of coral reefs?

A

climate change

59
Q

what part of the reef is responsible for breaking waves on an atoll?

A

fore reef slope

60
Q

what is the leading cause of coral degradation?

A

climate change

61
Q

what are the 4 main types of alternate ocean energy?

A

wind, tidal, wave, and thermal

62
Q

why is it important to switch to alternative energy?

A

because alternative energy is a more environmentally sustainable way to generate energy

63
Q

what year did Bob Ballard discover hydrothermal vents?

A

1977

64
Q

climate change can alter Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns that will affect ____ to deep-sea regions where hydrothermal vent ecosystems occur

A

ocean currents

65
Q

what anthropogenic disturbance will cause the most damage to the seafloor and surrounding hydrothermal vent communities?

A

mineral extraction

66
Q

how do organisms that live near hydrothermal vents rely on chemosynthetic bacteria?

A

bacteria are used as a food source

67
Q

what is the toxin produced by Karenia brevis?

A

brevetoxin

68
Q

what is the manatee closely related to

A

dugong

69
Q

Karenia brevis is a

A

dinoflagellate

70
Q

the toxin of Karenia brevis is what kind of toxin?

A

neurotoxin

71
Q

what is marine snow?

A

falling sediment combined with organic matter

72
Q

where was the Deepwater Horizon spill?

A

Gulf of Mexico

73
Q

what year was the DWH oil spill?

A

2010

74
Q

which of the following is not a destructive fishing practice in the coral triangle?

A

rod and reel fishing

75
Q

what is one of the effects of overfishing in shallow water reefs?

A

“top-down” effect

76
Q

which of the following is not a way to help prevent overfishing?

A

increase fish demand and consumption

77
Q

which levels of the food chain can overfish affect?

A

A,B, C

OCE4008 (19 decks)

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