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presentation questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following are indicators of an exposure to a high alkaline environment in fishes?
A) Inability to dispose of metabolic waste
B) Trouble breathing
C) Damaged scales
D) Non- toxic ammonia turns toxic
E) All the above

A

E) All the above

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2
Q

Is urea excretion one of the physiological adaptations of fishes in alkaline environments? True or False? Explain:

A

yes, urea is cycled out in the liver, they excrete more urea than ammonia.

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3
Q

How does high ammonia tolerance help fishes adapt in alkaline environments?

A

They can store high levels of ammonia in their blood and muscle tissue which allows them to adapt to alkaline environments

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4
Q

The dorsal fins of some flying fish are enlarged and help provide greater stability and shorter flights. T/F. Explain

A

False they have enlarged pectoral fins

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5
Q

Why are mudskipper fishes reliant on land?

A

To scavenge for food, mate and avoid predators

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6
Q

Climate change is likely to have little impact on sharks’ migratory patterns and habitat. T/F Explain.

A

False it has led sharks to move northward changing their habitat regions to cope.

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7
Q

Explain two ways that sharks are impacted by increasing ocean temperatures (2).

A

Impacts their ability to hunt, decreased the strength of their teeth and the amount of teeth they have

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8
Q

Why are fish found in estuaries given the large osmoregulatory challenges?
A. Protection from predators
B. Nutrient-poor conditions ideal for breeding
C. Ability to avoid strong currents
D. A & C
E. A & B

A

D) A & C

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9
Q

What overall purpose do Estuaries serve?
A. Make for great breeding grounds
B. Soak up excess flood water
C. Prevent soil erosion
D. Filter out pollutants and sediments
E. All of the above

A

A) Make for great breeding grounds

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10
Q

Why is global warming such a significant problem if fish have the ability to acclimatize? (short answer)

A

a couple degrees is not a big deal but, we are already at this maximum point where climate change is a huge issue for fishes and species are dying and becoming extinct

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11
Q

Explain why in warmer waters, the mean size of adult fish decreased and the mean size of juvenile fish increased. (short answer)

A

Decrease size to conserve energy and increase body size of juvenile fish to accomodate to faster growth rate

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12
Q

Which of the following does NOT happen in a fish’s body when it releases stress hormones in response to an increase in water temperatures? (MC)

A. The stress response triggers the release of catecholamines and cortisol into the bloodstream.
B. The heat shock proteins repair oxidative damages in the organs.
C. Release of cortisol creates a feedback loop that inhibits HPI which inhibits release of more cortisol, thereby inhibiting growth, reproduction, and immunity.
D. Release of cortisol enhances the production of heat shock proteins.
E. None. All of these statements are true.

A

D) Release of cortisol enhances the production of heat shock proteins

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13
Q

What adaptations do goldfish and crucian Carp undergo when living in hypoxic environments?
A. Gill remodeling
B. Increased metabolic rate
C. Ethanol producing pyruvate decarboxylase
D. A, C
E. All of the above

A

D) A, C

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14
Q

Please list the negative impacts of hypoxic/anoxic environments on gold fishes.

A

Lactic acid buildup, impact on metabolic rate, brain depolarization, effect on heart, decreased surface

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15
Q

Tidepool sculpins use their ______ and ______ to avoid predators. (2).

A

Large eyes and camouflage

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16
Q

Describe two physiological challenges for sculpins living in tide pools.(2)

A

Size and loss of scales. Competition for space, food and predators

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17
Q

Freshwater elasmobranchs are osmoregulators who actively regulate their osmotic pressure independently from their surrounding environment. T/F Explain.

A

True they have a urea-based osmoregulatory strategy

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18
Q

Anableps reproduce through external fertilization of eggs. T/F. Explain

A

False they are viviparous with internal fertilization

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19
Q

In viviparous sharks, nutrition during gestation is provide by either yolk or uterus milk. T/F. Explain

A

True they either use uterus milk or they have a yolk sac throughout the gestation period that is still attached to them for 2 weeks after birth

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20
Q

The eyes of stargazer fish have the ability of proptosis. T/F? Explain.

A

True the opercular cavity behind the eye become filled with fluid causing proptosis

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21
Q

Superfund sites are:
A. Designated cleanup areas due to high level of contaminants
B. Present in Canada
C. Uninhabitable for any organisms
D. Contaminated areas that are easy to cleanup
E. A and B.

A

A) Designated cleanup areas due to high level of contaminants

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22
Q

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Atlantic killifish have successfully adapted to PCB and PAH pollutant sites by the upregulation of the AHR pathway.
B. The adaptive tolerance of killifish to PCB and PAH pollutant sites is passed down generations
C. Adaptations to pollutants PCB and PAH pollutant sites result in normal embryo development
D. Prolonged AHR pathway activation during embryo development is detrimental
E. None. All the above statements are true

A

E. None. All the above statements are true

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23
Q
  1. Which of the following is/are true regarding blue sac disease (BSD) in fish?
    A. Causes increased mortality of developing embryos
    B. Causes malformation of organs such as the swim bladder
    C. Caused by acute/chronic exposure to PAH/PCB during the developmental stage
    D. Can lead to weak blood flow due to heart malformation
A

E. All of the above

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24
Q

3.Stargazers are ambush predators that partially bury themselves. Explain at least one way stargazer’s lure in prey.

A

They discharge water adjacent to its pectoral fin causing the surrounding sand to dance

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25
Q

What is protogynous hermaphroditism and why does it occur in parrotfish?

A

Sex change from female to male, due to the disappearance of the dominant male

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26
Q

Is there any truth to the saying “Parrotfish poop sand?” Explain.

A

Yes, ground up coral is passed through the digestive tract and excreted as fine-grain sand

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27
Q

Pufferfish spines are made of bone. T/F? Explain.

A

False, they are made of modified scales

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28
Q

Which of the following is true in relation to why the intertidal zones where mudskippers live might have high concentrations of ammonia?
A. Agricultural run-off
B. Nitrogenous waste from animals
C. Plant photosynthesis.
D. None of the above
E. A & B

A

B. Nitrogenous waste from animals

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29
Q

Pufferfish spines are made of bone. T/F? Explain.

A

False, they are made of modified scales

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30
Q
  1. What is the antidote for tetrodotoxin, the toxin present in pufferfish?

A) Glucagon
B) Magnesium Oxide
C) No known antidote
D) Activated charcoal
E) None of the above.

A

C) No known antidote

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31
Q

How many phases are in the aestivation process? Explain one.

A

There are three phases. Phase one maintanence→ has to prevent cell death, preserve biological structures and sustain a slow rate of waste production (avoid internal pollution)

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32
Q

The mucus that lungfishes secrete during aestivation contains immune cells that will target pathogens outside of the body. T/F. Explain.

A

True, they have white blood cells and granulocytes that will trap bacteria and protect the lungfish from infection

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33
Q
  1. Why is it important that the lungfish secrete mucus when aestivating?
A

It helps prevent bacterial invasions and reduces the evaporation of water from their moistened skin

34
Q

There is often a correlation between water salinity and alkalinity in endoreic lakes. T/F Explain.

A

False, there is a correlation in soda lakes

35
Q

What are some adaptations fish can utilize when in hyper saline environments
A. Decreased drinking rates
B. Greater expression of gill mitochondrion rich cells
C. Greater expression and activity of gill Na+/K+-ATPase
D. A and C
E. B and C

A

E. B and C

36
Q

What is the greatest challenge to fish in hyper saline environments, what are some ways they can overcome this?

A

Osmoregulation is the biggest challenge to overcome. They have intestinal adaptations (transporters) and gill adaptations (greater expression of mitochondrion rich cells).

37
Q

Explain how the eyes develop in the anableps? (Short answer)

A

Stage 1 and 2 the eyes have simple morphology→ stage 3 the cornea and pupil begin to duplicate (longitudinal constriction of pupil occurs)–> stage 6 the corneal and pupil have completed their partial duplication

38
Q

Why do dorsal, anal and pectoral spines of lionfish differ in size?

A

Anal and pectoral much smaller used for defence, dorsal for intimidation

39
Q

What man-made structure can the lionfishes’ spines be compared to and why?

A

L-beams used for construction

40
Q

What is the function of the thin membrane that covers both the spine and glandular tissue of the lionfish?

A

To release/hold venome

41
Q

Ocean acidification and rising temperatures has led to sharks’ teeth becoming weaker and more brittle. T/F. Explain

A

True, it has caused them to become brittle as their teeth are composed of calcium phosphate minerals.

42
Q

Climate change is likely to have little impact on sharks’ migratory patterns and habitat. T/F Explain.

A

False, it has led sharks to move northward changing their habitat regions to cope.

43
Q

Explain two ways that sharks are impacted by increasing ocean temperatures (2)

A

Impacts their ability to hunt, decreased the strength of their teeth and the amount of teeth they have

44
Q

Carp and the goldfish have mechanisms to avoid lactic acid buildup during extreme hypoxia/anoxia. T/F explain.

A

True, they have a pathway that allows them to survive in oxygen depleted environments for many days to months

45
Q

Tidepool sculpins use their unique scales to help reduce drag. T/F Explain.

A

False, they don’t have scales only fleshy skin

46
Q

Magadi tilapia drinking for osmoregulation. Water is normally found in the stomach. T/F. Explain.

A

False, water is never found in the stomach→ clear and direct pathway from the esophagus into the pylorus

47
Q

which of the following IS an adaptation of Lake Magadi tilapia?
A. Obligatory ureotelism
B. “T”-shaped gut
C. Surface breathing
D. Terminal mouths
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

48
Q

What trait is unique to Magadi Tilapia amongst the bony fishes?
A. Swim bladder
B. An omnivorous diet
C. Obligatory ureotelism
D. Air breathing
E. Only species found in alkaline environments

A

D. Air breathing

49
Q

Explain the conditions gar breed under (2)

A

Hypoxic and shallow water

50
Q

Gar fish are not air-breathing fish. T/F. Explain.

A

false, they are bimodial breathers→ breath both air and water

51
Q

It can be beneficial for fish to live in hypoxic water conditions. T/F. Explain.

A

True→ they can eat rest and reproduce in environments most fish can’t

52
Q

The female seahorse carries the eggs to give the male time to produce more sperm. T/F. Explain.

A

false→ the male carries the eggs until the hatch so the female can prepare more eggs for fertilization

53
Q

Identify two benefits to male gestation in seahorses.

A

Protection of embryos & reduced intraspecific competition

54
Q

Which of the following contribute to the low percentage of seahorses survival to adulthood?
A. Overpowering ocean currents
B. Rising sea levels
C. Parental predation
D. Intraspecific competition
E. None of the above

A

A. Overpowering ocean currents

55
Q

Identify two physiological adaptations in sailfish for predation

A

Rostrum (bill) and dorsal fin (sail)

56
Q

Sailfish use their rostrum to perform two types of attacks ________ and ________
A. Stabbing and poking
B. Hacking and whacking
C. Stabbing and slashing
D. Tapping and slashing
E. Stabbing and tapping

A

C. Stabbing and slashing

57
Q

Which fin on the sailfish is known as the “sail”?

A

The dorsal fin

58
Q

Hagfish and lamprey are gnathostomes. T/F. Explain

A

False→ they are cyclostomata which are separate from gnathostomes

59
Q

What adaptations do NOT help hagfish with their active predation?
A. Protracting and retracting the mouth
B. Breathing through their skin
C. Many small teeth
D. Heightened senses
E. None of the above.

A

B. Breathing through their skin

60
Q

Describe hagfish slime. Note the three important components. (short answer)

A

-Will only release when feeding, stressed or provoked
-Significant to innate immune system
-Storage takes up 3-4% of body mass

61
Q

How do icefish reduce resistance caused by fluid viscosity increase at low temperatures?
A. They have a higher dilution factor of blood plasma
B. The presence of antifreeze proteins
C. Buoyancy
D. Hypertrophied heart
E. None of the above

A

A. They have a higher dilution factor of blood plasma

62
Q

Icefish use the following physiological adaptations to overcome cold water temperatures
A. Increased oxygen carrying capacity in red blood cells
B. Antifreeze proteins
C. Migration
D. A and B
E. All of the above

A

D. A and B

63
Q

How does the loss of hemoglobin aid in the survival of icefish in cold temperatures?

A

It has led to higher energetic costs for circulating blood

64
Q

What is the exterior of the boxfish made up of?
A. Fused and rigid hexagonal scales
B. square scales overlapping one another for flexibility
C. hexagonal scales overlapping one another
D. diamond shaped scales
E. none of the above

A

A. Fused and rigid hexagonal scales

65
Q

Boxfish are Thunniform swimmers. T/F Explain.

A

False, they are ostraciifrom swimmers

66
Q

Give two examples of challenges that Boxfish face.

A

Overly stable and live in an area that has alot of predators and prey

67
Q

Freshwater elasmobranchs are osmoregulators who actively regulate their osmotic pressure independently from their surrounding environment. T/F Explain.

A

True, they have a urea-based osmoregulatory strategy

68
Q

Identify two leading causes of ocean acidification and specify how they lead to higher seawater acidity?

A

Burning of fossil fuels increases ocean acidity and the release of carbon by cutting and burning down trees (deforestation)–> oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, creating carbonic acid in the waters

69
Q

Clownfish are known to experience neurosensory challenges in acidic environments which include:
A. touch
B. taste
C. hearing
D. smell
E both C and D

A

E both C and D

70
Q

The increase in otolith size that clown fish exhibit in acidic environments is an adaptive physiological change? T/F. Explain

A

True, increased otolith will allow the fish to hear better

71
Q

Plasma cortisol levels increase prior to a pulse event. T/F explain.

A

False→ plasma cortisol decline and rise following them

72
Q

What is special about the Gulf toadfish with regards to its ureotelism?

A

The ability to go from excreting ammonia as its primary nitrogenous waste to predominantly urea

73
Q

Pulse events excrete urea across the gill in Gulf toadfish. T/F. Explain.

A

True, it occurs once or twice daily

74
Q

Which of these characteristics is NOT a physiological adaptation of the flying fish?
A. Skin breathing
B. Gliding ability
C. Developed ossified complexes
D. Modified swim bladder
E. Pyramidal (3-windowed) cornea

A

A. Skin breathing

75
Q

Describe the gliding mechanism used by flying fish (short answer)

A

Coil their bodies in a C shape and propel themselves forward→ spread its fins upon breaking the surface and gains thrust from rapid beats of the still submerged tail→ once there is sufficient speed the tail is lifted and the fish is airborn

76
Q

The dorsal fins of some flying fish are enlarged and help provide greater stability and shorter flights. T/F. Explain

A

False they have enlarged pectoral fins

77
Q

What are the dominant opsonins in the dorsal and ventral retina of four-eyed fishes?

A. rh2-1 in the ventral retina and lws in the dorsal retina
B. rh2-2 in the dorsal retina and sws1 in the ventral retina
C. lws in the ventral retina and rh2-1 in the dorsal retina
D sws2b in the ventral retina and rh2-1 in the dorsal retina
E. None of the above

A

A. rh2-1 in the ventral retina and lws in the dorsal retina

78
Q

Anableps reproduce through external fertilization of eggs. T/F. Explain

A

False, they are viviparous with internal fertilization

79
Q

Explain how the eyes develop in the anableps? (Short answer)

A

Stage 1 and 2 the eyes have simple morphology→ stage 3 the cornea and pupil begin to duplicate (longitudinal constriction of pupil occurs)–> stage 6 the corneal and pupil have completed their partial duplication

80
Q

only a small percentage of sharks are viviparous. T/F. Explain

A

False, nearly 70% are viviparous

81
Q

In viviparous sharks, nutrition during gestation is provide by either yolk or uterus milk. T/F. Explain

A

True, they either use uterus milk or they have a yolk sac throughout the gestation period that is still attached to them for 2 weeks after birth

82
Q

The advantage of uterogestation (viviparity) in sharks includes
A. larger pup sizes at birth
B. Increased pup survivability from predation
C. Increased pup hunting/feeding success
D. Provide an important food source for mother.
E. All except D.

A

E. All except D.

fishes (3 decks)

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