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fishes > final review > Flashcards

final review Flashcards

1
Q

lens

A

bending/refracting light to focus it on retina

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2
Q

rete capillaries: afferent and efferent

A

afferent
- lactate salting out of CO2, N2, O2
- H+: root effect, bohr shift and combine with HCO3 to generate CO2

efferent
- slow root effect

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3
Q

osmoregulation refers to

A

amount of solutes

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4
Q

what is the role of the midgut (intestine)?

A

digestion & absorption

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5
Q

choroid

A

vascularized layer (blood vessel)
- deliver O2 to oxygen demanding retina

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6
Q

rete mirabile

A

a countercurrent exchange structure of capillaries that allows gas uptake in a fish swim bladder

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7
Q

purines

A

colourless crystalline substances

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8
Q

positive buoyancy

A

The buoyant force is greater than the force of the object, and the object floats.

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9
Q

negative buoyancy

A

when an object sinks

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10
Q

what does retention of low density compounds do?

A

ncrease buoyancy & decrease density

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11
Q

homeothermy thermoregulation strategy

A

maintenance of constant body temp

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12
Q

examples of eurhaline fishes

A

lampreys, atlantic stingray, bull sharks, sturgeon, killifish, salmon, eels, flounder, some tilapia species

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13
Q

how do lamprey digestive system, teleost system and shark digestive system compare?

A

-lamprey don’t have a stomach they have a typhlosole (enhances absorption)
-teleost have a pyloric cloaca distal to the stomach (increase sa)
- sharks have spiral walls after the stomach (increase sa)

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14
Q

what kind of digestive gland do fish have?

A

a hepatopancreas

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15
Q

what are two important features of the intestine?

A

mucus production and active transport

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16
Q

what do sharks use urea for?

A

as an osmolite to increase osmolality to compensate living in very saline waters

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17
Q

what was the fish eye designed for?

A

sensitivity and acuity

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18
Q

in light adaptations in fish, the cones are away or closer to the light?

A

moved away from the light

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19
Q

the importance of chemoreception (4 examples)

A
  1. food detection
  2. predator avoidance
  3. parental care
  4. location of spawning streams for adults
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20
Q

how do fish migrate?

A
  1. gradient cues- temp, salinity etc
  2. celestial cues- position of the sun
  3. orientation to the geomagnetic and geoelectric fields - importance of oceanic currents
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21
Q

in ostariophysans what is the swimm bladder directly connected to?

A

the inner ear via weberian apparatus

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22
Q

how do sharks generate lift?

A

hydroplanning fins and heterocercal tails

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23
Q

physostomous gas bladder vs physoclistous’

A
  • physostomous gas bladder: connection to gut to fill air & soft ray finned teleosts
  • physoclistous: no connection to gut & spiny ray -finned teleosts
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24
Q

gas gland vs oval patch

A

gas gland–> secretion of gas (fill)
oval patch–> resorption of gas (empty)

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25
Q

heater organ

A
  • modified muscle fibres
  • heat retention
  • insulates by adipose tissue
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26
Q

atrium

A

A heart chamber that receives blood.

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27
Q

conus artiosus

A

contractile (made form muscle)

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28
Q

conus artiosus

A

contractile (made form muscle)

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29
Q

Identify two benefits to male gestation in seahorses.

A

Protection of embryos & reduced intraspecific competition

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30
Q

5 types of water

A
  1. freshwater
  2. salt water
  3. hypersaline water
  4. brackish water
  5. inland saline water
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31
Q

ionoregulation refers to

A

regulating the amount of a specific ions

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32
Q

how did osmoregulation most likely arise?

A

with the invasion of freshwater

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33
Q

why is the kidney purple in samon?

A

very rich in Na, K ATPase

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34
Q

what do fish lack?

A

a loop of henle

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35
Q

what is the main ionregulatory/osmoregulatory organ in fish?

A

the gill

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36
Q

what are the gills for in lampreys and bony fish? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)

A

osmoregulation & ion balance

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37
Q

what are the kidneys for? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)

A

concentration of urine - long loops of henle in cetaceans

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38
Q

what are the secreting glands in elasmobranch? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)

A

rectal gland

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39
Q

what are the secreting glands in birds & reptiles? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)

A

nasal/lingual salt glands

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40
Q

what are the secreting glands in coral catfish? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)

A

dendritic organ

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41
Q

what species do urea retention for osmoregulation? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)

A

elasmobranchs & coelancanths
-isosmotic

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42
Q

what are the four fish feeding habits?

A
  1. suspension feeders
  2. benthic invertebrate feeders
  3. piscivores
  4. scavengers
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43
Q

what are suspension feeders?

A

suction feeding, ram feeding

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44
Q

what are benthic invertebrate feeders?

A

graspers, pickers, sorters and crushers

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45
Q

What are piscivores?

A

active pursuit, stalking, ambush

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46
Q

what are scavengers?

A

an animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse.

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47
Q

what are the 4 components that make uo gut morphology?

A
  1. head gut
  2. foregut
  3. midgut
  4. hindgut
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48
Q

what is the role of the headgut (orobranchial, mouth and pharyngeal cavity)?

A

acquisition & trituration
- mechanical digestion

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49
Q

what is the role the foregut (esophagus and stomach)?

A

storage & initial digestion

50
Q

what is the role of the hindgut (rectum)?

A

recovery of water and electrolytes

51
Q

what do lamprey have instead of jaws and a stomach?

A

a tubular stomach–> mucosa is folded

52
Q

what are two main differences between the intestine of fishes compared to mammals?

A
  1. lack intestinal villi (only folding)
  2. lack glands
53
Q

main components of the fish eye

A
  1. cornea
  2. iris
  3. lens
  4. retina
  5. choroid
  6. falciform process
  7. sclera
54
Q

cornea

A

outer layer lens

55
Q

iris

A

controls the amount of light entering the eye

56
Q

retina

A

light is detected here and is converted to a neural signal
- very active tissue needs good blood supply

57
Q

sclera

A

-structure to eye ball
- white and connective tissue

58
Q

carotenoids

A

bright red and yellow

59
Q

melanins

A

dark red, brown, black, background colour

60
Q

three types of feeding habits?

A
  1. feeding primarily by taste and sight
  2. feeding primarily through the use of barbels
  3. feeding by sight
61
Q

klinotaxis

A

gradient searching behaviour

62
Q

anadromy

A

Born in freshwater, grow in sea, reproduce in freshwater e.g. salmon and trout

63
Q

Oceanodromy

A

fishes that migrate entirely within saltwater. (Many tunas, sharks, etc)

64
Q

Potamodromy

A

migration within freshwater

65
Q

Catadromy

A

born in the ocean, migrate to freshwater, and return to the ocean to spawn.

66
Q

magnetite crystals

A

tiny magnets that point to the north magnetic pole as they crystallize from magma

67
Q

gass-puckreflex

A

-burp out air
- makes fish negatively buoyant/sink

68
Q

pneumatic duct

A

has a tissue which absorbs gas O2 vented from gas bladder

69
Q

counter current multiplier effect

A

a mechanism for establishing and maintaining a steep osmolarity gradient between the cortex and medulla of the kidney, which is vital for the conservation of water via reabsorption in the loop of Henle.

70
Q

poikilothermy thermoregulation strategy

A

body temp varies w environment

71
Q

ectothermy thermoregulation strategy

A

body temp determind by environment

72
Q

endothermy thermoregulation strategy

A

internal generation of heat

73
Q

ancestral marine jawless fish migrate between ______ & ______ water

A

a) fresh
b) salt water

74
Q

freshwater for ancestral marine jawless fish provided refuge for _____

A

larvae

75
Q

what type of regulator are hagfish?

A

osmoconformers

76
Q

Ureotelism

A

excretion of nitrogen in the form of urea

77
Q

detritivores/decomposers

A

feed on decomposing organic plant matter

78
Q

all larval fish are ____

A

carnivores

79
Q

lipids undergo emulsification in fish digestive physiology. what is emulsification?

A

the mixing of lipids with hydrophilic compounds

80
Q

in mammals chief cells are responsible for secreting pepsinogen and parietal cells secrete acid (hcl). what does this in fish?

A

oxyntic cells

81
Q

do puffer fish have acid or pepsinogen produced/ protein digestion?

A

no, they don’t have a true stomach. used as food storage and to puff up

82
Q

what powers glucose absorption in the intestine?

A

sodium ATPase

83
Q

what are some ways fish increase there surface area without increasing length of the intestine?

A

pyloric cecae (some bony gastric fishes) and spiral intestine (chondrichthyans, chondrosteins, lungfish)

84
Q

why do carnivores have smaller intestines?

A

some of the food they eat begin breaking down in the stomach so they don’t need a very large intestine

85
Q

why can fish get rid of ammonia easily?

A

it is very water soluble so they don’t have to modify it to get rid of it

86
Q

what do rhesus glycoproteins function as?

A

ammonia transporters

87
Q

the cornea is important in water. T/F

A

false it is more important in air–> little refraction between air and water

88
Q

the lens in bony fish and lamprey is what shape?

A

spherical

89
Q

what does the lens in elasmobranchs look like?

A

slightly flattened

90
Q

what type of sclera do agnathans have?

A

fibrous sclera

91
Q

what type of sclera do chondrichthyes have?

A

cartilagenous plates

92
Q

what type of sclera do teleosts have?

A

sclerotic bones

93
Q

what is the pineal gland and what does it do?

A

-ultrasensitive light sensor
- cues circadian and/or seasonal behaviour

94
Q

what does mono and polychromatism help with

A

reproductive success- signal for other fish that are spawning

95
Q

orientation with group helps with what? example lateral strips for schooling

A

synchonous movement

96
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

The lower the PO2 and hemoglobin saturation with O2, the more CO2 can be carried in the blood.

97
Q

what are barbels used for?

A

tasting from a distance (benthic feeding)

98
Q

fish feeding from sight and taste have…

A

enlarged vagal lobes and prominent optic and facial lobes

99
Q

fish feeding primarily through barbels have..

A

enlarged facial lobes and reduced vagal lobes

100
Q

fish feeding primarily by sight have…

A

poorly developed vagal and facial lobes and enlarged optic lobes

101
Q

does sound travel faster through water or air?

A

water–> 4.8 X faster

102
Q

what are clupeomorpha and ostariophysi similar to?

A

the eardrum

103
Q

what is otolith important for (teleost ear)?

A

detecting gravity and hearing in fishes

104
Q

what detects water movement

A

neuromasts

105
Q

how do some bony fish detect electrical fields?

A

through pit organs located in their heads

106
Q

what are four strategies to achieve buoyancy in fishes?

A
  1. retention of low-density compounds
  2. generation of lift during forward movement
  3. reduction of heavy (dense) tissues
  4. gas bladders (swim bladders)
107
Q

strategies to achieve buoyancy in agnatha?

A
  1. retention of low density compounds
  2. cartilaginous skeleton
108
Q

strategies to achieve buoyancy in teleosts

A
  1. retention of low density compounds
  2. reduced skeletal-muscular system (no gas bladder)
109
Q

Boyle’s Gas Law

A

Law stating that at a constant temperature, the number of gas molecules in a given volume depends on the pressure

110
Q

Boyle’s Gas Law Equation

A

P1V1=P2V2

111
Q

what does the pneumatic duct have

A

a tissue which reabsorbs gas (O2) vented from gas bladder

112
Q

what is the function of the gas gland

A

uses anaerobic processes to produce o2, lactate and H+

113
Q

what does diffusion of gases from venous to arterial (afferent) capillaries ensure?

A

high gas partial pressures in swim bladder

114
Q

what are the ecological advantages of heterothermy in swimming musculature?

A

niche expansion and greater power output

115
Q

how does the heater organ generate heat?

A

-mitochondia generates some heat but calcium ATPase is harness
- when muscle contracts calcium is released but then pumped back in through a pump

116
Q

what are the differences between a sharks heart and a bony fishes ?

A

sharks–> conus arteriosus & conal valves

bony fish –> bulbus arteriosus & bulbal valve

117
Q

ventricle

A

Bottom portion of the heart, thicker walled and larger (main pump)

118
Q

bulbous arteriosus

A

no muscle

119
Q

sinus venosus

A

collecting chamber for oxygen poor blood

120
Q

how does biphasic filling work?

A

a) atrium & ventricle fill due to the venous bp
b) atrium contracts, further expanding and completing the filing of the ventricle
c) ventricle contracts, ejecting fluid into the bulbous arteriosus

121
Q

what does atrio-venticular delay allow for?

A

atria to completely empty

fishes (3 decks)

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