final review Flashcards
1
Q
lens
A
bending/refracting light to focus it on retina
2
Q
rete capillaries: afferent and efferent
A
afferent
- lactate salting out of CO2, N2, O2
- H+: root effect, bohr shift and combine with HCO3 to generate CO2
efferent
- slow root effect
3
Q
osmoregulation refers to
A
amount of solutes
4
Q
what is the role of the midgut (intestine)?
A
digestion & absorption
5
Q
choroid
A
vascularized layer (blood vessel)
- deliver O2 to oxygen demanding retina
6
Q
rete mirabile
A
a countercurrent exchange structure of capillaries that allows gas uptake in a fish swim bladder
7
Q
purines
A
colourless crystalline substances
8
Q
positive buoyancy
A
The buoyant force is greater than the force of the object, and the object floats.
9
Q
negative buoyancy
A
when an object sinks
10
Q
what does retention of low density compounds do?
A
ncrease buoyancy & decrease density
11
Q
homeothermy thermoregulation strategy
A
maintenance of constant body temp
12
Q
examples of eurhaline fishes
A
lampreys, atlantic stingray, bull sharks, sturgeon, killifish, salmon, eels, flounder, some tilapia species
13
Q
how do lamprey digestive system, teleost system and shark digestive system compare?
A
-lamprey don’t have a stomach they have a typhlosole (enhances absorption)
-teleost have a pyloric cloaca distal to the stomach (increase sa)
- sharks have spiral walls after the stomach (increase sa)
14
Q
what kind of digestive gland do fish have?
A
a hepatopancreas
15
Q
what are two important features of the intestine?
A
mucus production and active transport
16
Q
what do sharks use urea for?
A
as an osmolite to increase osmolality to compensate living in very saline waters
17
Q
what was the fish eye designed for?
A
sensitivity and acuity
18
Q
in light adaptations in fish, the cones are away or closer to the light?
A
moved away from the light
19
Q
the importance of chemoreception (4 examples)
A
- food detection
- predator avoidance
- parental care
- location of spawning streams for adults
20
Q
how do fish migrate?
A
- gradient cues- temp, salinity etc
- celestial cues- position of the sun
- orientation to the geomagnetic and geoelectric fields - importance of oceanic currents
21
Q
in ostariophysans what is the swimm bladder directly connected to?
A
the inner ear via weberian apparatus
22
Q
how do sharks generate lift?
A
hydroplanning fins and heterocercal tails
23
Q
physostomous gas bladder vs physoclistous’
A
- physostomous gas bladder: connection to gut to fill air & soft ray finned teleosts
- physoclistous: no connection to gut & spiny ray -finned teleosts
24
Q
gas gland vs oval patch
A
gas gland–> secretion of gas (fill)
oval patch–> resorption of gas (empty)
25
heater organ
- modified muscle fibres
- heat retention
- insulates by adipose tissue
26
atrium
A heart chamber that receives blood.
27
conus artiosus
contractile (made form muscle)
28
conus artiosus
contractile (made form muscle)
29
Identify two benefits to male gestation in seahorses.
Protection of embryos & reduced intraspecific competition
30
5 types of water
1. freshwater
2. salt water
3. hypersaline water
4. brackish water
5. inland saline water
31
ionoregulation refers to
regulating the amount of a specific ions
32
how did osmoregulation most likely arise?
with the invasion of freshwater
33
why is the kidney purple in samon?
very rich in Na, K ATPase
34
what do fish lack?
a loop of henle
35
what is the main ionregulatory/osmoregulatory organ in fish?
the gill
36
what are the gills for in lampreys and bony fish? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)
osmoregulation & ion balance
37
what are the kidneys for? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)
concentration of urine - long loops of henle in cetaceans
38
what are the secreting glands in elasmobranch? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)
rectal gland
39
what are the secreting glands in birds & reptiles? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)
nasal/lingual salt glands
40
what are the secreting glands in coral catfish? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)
dendritic organ
41
what species do urea retention for osmoregulation? (after reinvasion of salt water in vertebrates)
elasmobranchs & coelancanths
-isosmotic
42
what are the four fish feeding habits?
1. suspension feeders
2. benthic invertebrate feeders
3. piscivores
4. scavengers
43
what are suspension feeders?
suction feeding, ram feeding
44
what are benthic invertebrate feeders?
graspers, pickers, sorters and crushers
45
What are piscivores?
active pursuit, stalking, ambush
46
what are scavengers?
an animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse.
47
what are the 4 components that make uo gut morphology?
1. head gut
2. foregut
3. midgut
4. hindgut
48
what is the role of the headgut (orobranchial, mouth and pharyngeal cavity)?
acquisition & trituration
- mechanical digestion
49
what is the role the foregut (esophagus and stomach)?
storage & initial digestion
50
what is the role of the hindgut (rectum)?
recovery of water and electrolytes
51
what do lamprey have instead of jaws and a stomach?
a tubular stomach--> mucosa is folded
52
what are two main differences between the intestine of fishes compared to mammals?
1. lack intestinal villi (only folding)
2. lack glands
53
main components of the fish eye
1. cornea
2. iris
3. lens
4. retina
5. choroid
6. falciform process
7. sclera
54
cornea
outer layer lens
55
iris
controls the amount of light entering the eye
56
retina
light is detected here and is converted to a neural signal
- very active tissue needs good blood supply
57
sclera
-structure to eye ball
- white and connective tissue
58
carotenoids
bright red and yellow
59
melanins
dark red, brown, black, background colour
60
three types of feeding habits?
1. feeding primarily by taste and sight
2. feeding primarily through the use of barbels
3. feeding by sight
61
klinotaxis
gradient searching behaviour
62
anadromy
Born in freshwater, grow in sea, reproduce in freshwater e.g. salmon and trout
63
Oceanodromy
fishes that migrate entirely within saltwater. (Many tunas, sharks, etc)
64
Potamodromy
migration within freshwater
65
Catadromy
born in the ocean, migrate to freshwater, and return to the ocean to spawn.
66
magnetite crystals
tiny magnets that point to the north magnetic pole as they crystallize from magma
67
gass-puckreflex
-burp out air
- makes fish negatively buoyant/sink
68
pneumatic duct
has a tissue which absorbs gas O2 vented from gas bladder
69
counter current multiplier effect
a mechanism for establishing and maintaining a steep osmolarity gradient between the cortex and medulla of the kidney, which is vital for the conservation of water via reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
70
poikilothermy thermoregulation strategy
body temp varies w environment
71
ectothermy thermoregulation strategy
body temp determind by environment
72
endothermy thermoregulation strategy
internal generation of heat
73
ancestral marine jawless fish migrate between ______ & ______ water
a) fresh
b) salt water
74
freshwater for ancestral marine jawless fish provided refuge for _____
larvae
75
what type of regulator are hagfish?
osmoconformers
76
Ureotelism
excretion of nitrogen in the form of urea
77
detritivores/decomposers
feed on decomposing organic plant matter
78
all larval fish are ____
carnivores
79
lipids undergo emulsification in fish digestive physiology. what is emulsification?
the mixing of lipids with hydrophilic compounds
80
in mammals chief cells are responsible for secreting pepsinogen and parietal cells secrete acid (hcl). what does this in fish?
oxyntic cells
81
do puffer fish have acid or pepsinogen produced/ protein digestion?
no, they don't have a true stomach. used as food storage and to puff up
82
what powers glucose absorption in the intestine?
sodium ATPase
83
what are some ways fish increase there surface area without increasing length of the intestine?
pyloric cecae (some bony gastric fishes) and spiral intestine (chondrichthyans, chondrosteins, lungfish)
84
why do carnivores have smaller intestines?
some of the food they eat begin breaking down in the stomach so they don't need a very large intestine
85
why can fish get rid of ammonia easily?
it is very water soluble so they don't have to modify it to get rid of it
86
what do rhesus glycoproteins function as?
ammonia transporters
87
the cornea is important in water. T/F
false it is more important in air--> little refraction between air and water
88
the lens in bony fish and lamprey is what shape?
spherical
89
what does the lens in elasmobranchs look like?
slightly flattened
90
what type of sclera do agnathans have?
fibrous sclera
91
what type of sclera do chondrichthyes have?
cartilagenous plates
92
what type of sclera do teleosts have?
sclerotic bones
93
what is the pineal gland and what does it do?
-ultrasensitive light sensor
- cues circadian and/or seasonal behaviour
94
what does mono and polychromatism help with
reproductive success- signal for other fish that are spawning
95
orientation with group helps with what? example lateral strips for schooling
synchonous movement
96
What is the Haldane effect?
The lower the PO2 and hemoglobin saturation with O2, the more CO2 can be carried in the blood.
97
what are barbels used for?
tasting from a distance (benthic feeding)
98
fish feeding from sight and taste have...
enlarged vagal lobes and prominent optic and facial lobes
99
fish feeding primarily through barbels have..
enlarged facial lobes and reduced vagal lobes
100
fish feeding primarily by sight have...
poorly developed vagal and facial lobes and enlarged optic lobes
101
does sound travel faster through water or air?
water--> 4.8 X faster
102
what are clupeomorpha and ostariophysi similar to?
the eardrum
103
what is otolith important for (teleost ear)?
detecting gravity and hearing in fishes
104
what detects water movement
neuromasts
105
how do some bony fish detect electrical fields?
through pit organs located in their heads
106
what are four strategies to achieve buoyancy in fishes?
1. retention of low-density compounds
2. generation of lift during forward movement
3. reduction of heavy (dense) tissues
4. gas bladders (swim bladders)
107
strategies to achieve buoyancy in agnatha?
1. retention of low density compounds
2. cartilaginous skeleton
108
strategies to achieve buoyancy in teleosts
1. retention of low density compounds
2. reduced skeletal-muscular system (no gas bladder)
109
Boyle's Gas Law
Law stating that at a constant temperature, the number of gas molecules in a given volume depends on the pressure
110
Boyle's Gas Law Equation
P1V1=P2V2
111
what does the pneumatic duct have
a tissue which reabsorbs gas (O2) vented from gas bladder
112
what is the function of the gas gland
uses anaerobic processes to produce o2, lactate and H+
113
what does diffusion of gases from venous to arterial (afferent) capillaries ensure?
high gas partial pressures in swim bladder
114
what are the ecological advantages of heterothermy in swimming musculature?
niche expansion and greater power output
115
how does the heater organ generate heat?
-mitochondia generates some heat but calcium ATPase is harness
- when muscle contracts calcium is released but then pumped back in through a pump
116
what are the differences between a sharks heart and a bony fishes ?
sharks--> conus arteriosus & conal valves
bony fish --> bulbus arteriosus & bulbal valve
117
ventricle
Bottom portion of the heart, thicker walled and larger (main pump)
118
bulbous arteriosus
no muscle
119
sinus venosus
collecting chamber for oxygen poor blood
120
how does biphasic filling work?
a) atrium & ventricle fill due to the venous bp
b) atrium contracts, further expanding and completing the filing of the ventricle
c) ventricle contracts, ejecting fluid into the bulbous arteriosus
121
what does atrio-venticular delay allow for?
atria to completely empty
