Presentation of diseases of the urinary tract

Question 1

Identify these parts of the urinary tract

Answer 1

Question 2

What are the parts of the kidney

Answer 2

Question 3

What are the common presentations for renal disease

Answer 3

Pain

Pyrexia

Haematuria

Proteinuria

Pyuria

Mass on palpation

Renal failure

Question 4

Define each of the following:

• Oliguria
• Anuria
• Polyuria
• Nocturia
• Nocturnal polyuria

Answer 4

Oliguria - Low Urine output <0.5ml/kg/hour

Anuria - No urine output (technically <100ml/day)

Polyuria - High urine output (>3 l/day)

Nocturia - Waking up 2 or more times to pee at night

Nocturnal polyuria - > 1/3rd of total urine output at night

Question 5

How do you stage Acute kidney injuries?

Answer 5

Use the RIFLE criteria

Risk:

• Serum creatinine (1.5x) or decrease in GFR by 25% or UO <0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 hours

Injury:

• Serum creatinine level (2.0x) or 50% decrease in GFR or UO <0.5 mL/kg/h for 12 hours

Failure:

• Serum Creatinine (3.0x) or 75% decrease GFR cba typing the rest of this one

Loss:

• ARF or loss of function for >4 weeks

End-stage:

• Complete loss of function >3 months

Question 6

Describe the typical presentation in chronic renal failure?

Answer 6

Asymptomatic

Tiredness

Anaemia

Oedema

High blood pressure

Bone pain due to renal bone disease

Question 7

Give the general presentation of advanced chronic renal disease?

Answer 7

Pruritus

Nausea/vomiting

Dyspnoea

Pericarditis

Neuropathy

Coma (if untreated advanced renal failure)

Question 8

What are the presentations for ureteric disease?

Answer 8

Pain

Pyrexia

Haematuria

Palpable mass (ie hydronephrosis)

Renal failure (only if bilateral obstruction or single functioning kidney)