Introduction to anatomy/histology of the urinary system

Question 1

What are the main components of the urinary system?

Answer 1

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Question 2

identify the parts of the urinary system

Answer 2

Question 3

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 3

Removes metabolic waste from blood through filtration and excretions

Regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure (RAAS)

Helps stabilize blood pH

Reabsorption of small molecules (AA, Glu, peptides)

Produces erythropoietin (stimulant of RBC prod.)

Question 4

Describe the anatomical position/orientation of the kidneys

Are they peritonised?

Answer 4

The kidneys lie at the level of T12-L3

The right kidney lies lower than the left

They are retroperitoneal - and are only partially peritonised

Question 5

Describe the surface anatomy of the kidneys

Answer 5

Crossed over by 12th rib

Superior portion of kidneys lies deep to the diaphragm if youre doing surface anatomy

Question 6

Shown below is a diagram in which the labels are off the organs related to that area of the kidneys

Please complete the labels

Answer 6

Question 7

This lovely diagram shows the posterior relations to the kidneys

Please identify the labels

Is there any difference between the left and right kidneys with these relationships?

Answer 7

The left rib sits slightly higher than the right - meaning that it is crossed by both the 11th and 12th ribs - whereas the right rib is only crossed by the 12th

Question 8

The kidneys are contained in capsules and fascia

What are these?

Identify them if you fancy

Answer 8

Kidneys contained in Renal capsule

Renal capsule surrounded by Perirenal fat

Perirenal fat contained by the Renal fascia

Question 9

Describe the gross anatomy of the kidneys

Answer 9

The functional substance (parenchyma) of the kidney is divided into two major structures: the outer renal cortex and the inner renal medulla

Grossly, these structures take the shape of 10-18 cone-shaped renal lobes, each containing renal cortex surrounding a portion of medulla called a renal pyramid.

Question 10

Identify the labels on the diagram of the kidneys

Answer 10

Question 11

What is the ureter?

Answer 11

ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Question 12

Ureters have constrictions - where are these found?

Answer 12

First constriction (abdominal):

• Where ureter passes over inferior renal pole (abdominal part)

Second constriction (pelvic):

• Where ureter crosses over external iliac vessels (pelvic)

Third constriction (intramural):

• Where the ureter traverses the bladder wall (intramural)

Question 13

What constriction might be present in ureters?

Answer 13

May be a constriction where ureter passes behind testicular or ovarian vessels

Question 14

Identify the constrictions of the ureter on the diagram

Answer 14

Question 15

Describe the structure of the hilum of a kidney

Answer 15

From anterior –> posterior - think VAP

Renal Vein

Renal Artery

Renal Pelvis - start of the ureter, not your actual pelvis

Question 16

Describe the arterial supply of the kidneys

Answer 16

Primary artery is the Renal artery _{- branch of Abdominal aorta}

Renal artery splits into 5 branches which each supply 1 of the 5 segments of the kidney

Question 17

What are the different segments of the kidney?

Answer 17

Apical

Anterosuperior

Anteroinferior

Posterior

Inferior

Question 18

Shown is a diagram of a renal lobe

Identify the labels and describe what the different arteries are

Answer 18

Interlobar** arteries** arises from the segmental artery

Arcuate arteries arise from Interlobar arteries - and pass around the circumference of the renal pyramids

Interlobular** arteries** arise from Arcuate arteries - interlobular arteries end up supplying the nephrons (and are the 2 missing labels in the diagram)

Question 19

What vein does the renal vein drain into?

What level does it join on?

Answer 19

Inferior vena cava

L1

Question 20

What group of lymph nodes receives lymph from the kidneys?

Answer 20

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

Question 21

describe the nerve supply to the kidneys

Answer 21

Renal plexus:

• sympathetic: T10-L1
• Sensory afferent: T11-L2

Question 22

Shown below is the urinary bladder

1) Identify the labels
2) What embryological structure gives rise to the label in green?

Answer 22

2) Embryonic Urachus

Question 23

What are the umbilical folds?

Where do they lie in relation to the bladder?

Answer 23

1 Median umbilical fold/ligament

2 Medial umbilical folds on the occluded umbilical artery

2 lateral umbilical folds on the inferior epigastric blood vessels

Question 24

Identify the structures below eh

Answer 24

Question 25

Describe the nervous innervation of the urinary bladder

Answer 25

Sympathetic:

• Hypogastric nerve (T12 – L2)
• Stimulation causes relaxation of the detrusor muscle, promoting urine retention

Parasympathetic:

• Pelvic nerve (S2-S4)
• Increased signals from this nerve causes contraction of the detrusor muscle, stimulating micturition

Somatic:

• Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
• Innervates the external urethral sphincter, providing voluntary control over micturition.

Sensory (afferent) nerves found in bladder wall

Question 26

Identify the labels

cba writing questions just learn these

Answer 26