Presentation of Diseases of the Urinary Tract and Kidney

Question 1

What are the common clinical presentations of diseases of the kidney and urinary tract?

Answer 1

• Pain
• Pyrexia
• Haematuria
• Proteinuria
• Pyuria
• Mass on palpation
• Renal failure

Question 2

What are the common diseases of the upper urinary tract?

Answer 2

Infection - Pyelonephritis

Inflammation - Glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis

Neoplasia - Renal Cancer

Vascular - Hypertension, Diabetes, Atherosclerosis

Hereditary - Polyscystic Kidney disease

Iatrogenic - Nephrotoxicity

Question 3

How are acute kidney injuries staged/graded?

Answer 3

AKI 1 - 1.5-1.9 times baseline Serum creatinine AND < 0.5ml/kg/h for 6-12 hours

AKI 2 - 2-2.9 times baseline serum creatinine AND < 0.5ml/kg/h for >12 hours

AKI 3 - 3 times baseline serum creatinine and < 0.3ml/kg/hr for > 24 hours

Question 4

What are the common type of ureteric diseases?

Answer 4

Infection - Ureteritis

Neoplasia - TCC of Ureter or Bladder (which can obstruct VUJ), Prostate cancer obstructing VUJ, Pelvic or para-aortic lymphadenopathy

Obstruction:

Intra-luminal - Stones or blood clots

Intra-mural - Scar tissue or TCC

Extra-luminal - Pelvic mass or lymph nodes

Question 5

What are the common bladder diseases?

Answer 5

Infection - Cystitis

Inflammation - Interstitial cystitis

Neoplasia - TCC of bladder, squamous cell carcinoma of bladder

Degenerative - Chronic urinary retention

Question 6

What are the common types of bladder outflow tract diseases?

Answer 6

Infection/inflammation - Prostatitis, balanitis

Neoplasia - Prostate and penile cancer

Obstruction:

• BPE
• Primary bladder neck obstruction
• Urethral stricture