Preschool general Flashcards
language impairment
an impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken, write, and or other symbol system which may involve the form, content, or function of language in any combination
2 theories/criterion of dx
- normativist – perspective is relative to environmental expectations, such as parent, teacher, and community, and has adaptive consequences
Neutralist – perspective is relative to objective measures such as standardized tests
how low is lang disordered on standardized tests
**Tomblin suggest child should be below the 10% tile or greater than 1.25 SD below mean
risk factors for infants include
- prenatal factors
- prematurity (38 weeks or under 5 lbs)
- genetic and congenital disorders
form, content, and use
**Bloom & Lahey
form: includes syntax, morphology, and phonology
content: semantic components of lang, vocabulary knowledge, and knowledge of objects and events
use: pragmatics
what do you need for treatment plan
***Paul & Norbury
…as important as etiology is for understanding a child’s condition, we need something in addition to develop an intervention program…which is a detailed description of the child’s current language function
procedural memory systems
important for rule based learning (grammar)
declarative memory systems
important for knowledge based learning (i.e. vocabulary)
reading requires both _____ and _____
***Hoover & Gough
reading requires both reading accuracy (the ability to decode single words) and reading comprehension (understanding connected text)
DLD places children at risk for ____
**Catts et al.,
DLD places children at a greatly increased risk for reading impairments, contributing to lower educational attainments
prelinguistic communication age range
9-18 mo
in this stage infants move from being participants in interactions to being intentional communicators ….they express intentions through signals to other but do not yet use conventional language
prelinguistic milieu training
**Warren &Yoder
used to help make transition to intentional behavior — arrange environment so a kid has to initiate a behavior or ask for it
book reading
waiting for the child to initiate interest in something in the book or looking or pointing, be face-t0-face during book reading, ask questions, verbally inviting child to interact
communication temptations
Wetherby & Prizant***
creating situations in which child is strongly motivated to try ti get a message across to an adult and then responding swiftly and positively when child attempts to communicate
emerging language state age
18-36 months
–period where lang delays will most be noted
when are kids combining words into simple 2-word sentences?
18 to 24 mo
by age 18 children will produce and average of _____ communicative acts per min
at 24 mo_____
18 mo: avg 2
24: avg 5 to 7
avg expressive vocab at 18 mo
24mo?
***Paul & Shiffer
18mo: 110 words
24: 312 words
why are gestures important
because they are another aspect of symbolic behavior, and are highly related to language in early development
why do a play assessment/?
provides a nonlinguistic comparison against which to gauge a child’s language performance
what can gestures predict?
gestures are important because they are another aspect of symbolic behavior, and are highly related to language in early development — may be an important prognostic indicator for children with delayed language
3 types of gestures
- deictic – showing, giving, pointing
- symbolic – recognition gestures (holding telephone to ear)
- symbolic play – feeding self from empty spoon
why assess comprehension? –why imp & who
***Bernhart et al
very important to evaluate because understanding words in the 2nd year of life is predictive of both expressive and receptive language development as much as 2.5 years later
comprehension guidelines:
12-18mo:
18-24mo:
24-36 mo:
**Bernhart et al
12-18mo: understand words without support of nonlinguistic cues
18-24 mo: understanding of 2-word instructions
24-36 mo: understanding of 3 instructions (but likely to rely on probable event strategy)
relationship between expressive language and phonetic inventory
**Mirak & Rescorla
kids with small expressive vocabularies also show small phonetic inventories of consonants and a restricted number of syllable shapes
—-for treatment for these kids make sure you introduce new words that contain sounds that are already in their reperotire
the ability to combine words syntactically to produce new semantic relations is an important development during what range?
18-36 mo
why use gestures?
***McGregor
encourage parents to use gestures as they talk with their toddlers, both to indicate referents for words and to serve as accompaniments to words can enhance children’s word learning
what treatment —
if cognitive and social development are immature and nonverbal intentional communicative skills are not present or just emerging?
—increase nonverbal communication and the development of social and cognitive precursors (joint attention, turn taking, imitation, anticipatory sets)
what treatment —
if nonverbal intention communicative skills are present but frequency and range are limited?
**using old means, new functions
facilitate the child’s communication of early intentions such as requests, comments, greeting, and protests using differeientied vocalizations, showing, giving, pointing, and eye contact
what treatment —
if child is ready to use words to express communicative intentions?
facilitate the development of early vocab to code relational and substantive knowledge to express early communicative functions that the child already has in his/her repertoire including requests, comments, protest, greetings
what treatment—
if child is using words and gestures for communication?
facilitate the production of 2 word combinations to express early semantic relations such as agent-action, demonstrative-entity, action-object, nonexistence, reoccurrence,etc
if language comprehension skills are below those expected for the level of communication demonstrated
foster receptive language skills by facilitating comprehension of
- -a small repertoire of early words phases
- -words for objects that out of view
- -2 word combinations
- -single step/multi-step commands
- -location relations
Communication temptations
***Wetherby & Prizant
a hybrid method of intervention that does not require a specific response; clinician structures the situation and provides multiple opportunities and models for the child
prelinguistic milieu teaching
**Warren & Yodder
arranging the environment to elicit child communication, focusing on and following the child’s attentional lead, embedding instruction in ongoing interaction, focusing on specific target behaviors, and using prompts and reinforcement to elicit and maintain communication behaviors
script therapy
***Olswang & Bain
–embeded language training into the context of familiar routines
—play provides the background, but the focus is using the target language forms and functions — clinician takes a stronger leadership role in the activity, modeling what the child is to say and requesting that the child say the target forms
—**can service as frames for developing vocal, morphosyntax, and pragmatics
different treatment methods for using intentional communication
communication temptations
prelinguistic milieu teaching
scrpit therapy
