Preresquisite Knowledge

Question 1

Academic diction

Answer 1

The use of scholarly words or terms

Question 2

Colloquial diction

Answer 2

Words or phrases (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing which is usually inappropriate in formal writing

Question 3

Adjective

Answer 3

A word that modifies a noun

Question 4

Adverb

Answer 4

A word that modifies a verb

Question 5

Alliteration

Answer 5

Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words that are close to one another

Question 6

Analogy

Answer 6

A comparison between two unlike things in which the more complex is explained in terms of the simpler thing to add a point of reference

Question 7

Antecedent

Answer 7

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun

Ex: “While giving treats to friends offer them whatever they like.” The ___ is the friends and the pronoun is they.

Question 8

Argumentation

Answer 8

Writing that attempts to prove the validity of a proposition or idea by giving reasoned arguments ; persuasive writing is a form of this

Question 9

Balanced sentence structure

Answer 9

A sentence that has parallel phrases or clauses used to stress similar ideas

Question 10

Dependent clause

Answer 10

A group of words that contains a subject and a verb, but cannot be a grammatical sentence. It is dependent upon an independent clause for meaning and context

Question 11

Independent clause

Answer 11

A clause which can stand by itself as a grammatical correct sentence

Question 12

Clause

Answer 12

A sentence like construction that is contained within a sentence or a simple sentence, usually containing a subject and a verb or verbal

Question 13

Coherence

Answer 13

Quality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle

Question 14

Colon

Answer 14

Punctuation mark used to:

• introduce lists or long quotations
• to separate an explanation, rule, or example from a preceding independent clause
• introduce an explanation or definition
• etc

Question 15

Comma

Answer 15

Punctuation mark used to separate the structural elements of sentences into segments.

• to separate independent clauses when they are joined by a coordinating conjunction
• after introductory clauses, some introductory phrases or words
• to set off clauses, phrases, and words that come in the middle of the sentence and are not essential to the meaning of the sentence
• to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses written in a series

Question 16

Comparison

Answer 16

Showing how two or more texts, objects, or ideas are similar

Question 17

Complex sentences

Answer 17

A sentence containing containing one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

Question 18

Compound sentences

Answer 18

Two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction

Question 19

Conjunction

Answer 19

Words that link units of equal status or subordinate clauses

Question 20

Contrast

Answer 20

Showing how two or more texts, ideas, or objects are different

Question 21

Convoluted sentences

Answer 21

Long, complicated sentences that are often hard to follow because they are wordy and too many ideas are rolled together into one sentence

Question 22

Coordinating conjunctions

Answer 22

Words that can, with a comma, link two independent clauses

FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Question 23

Dash

Answer 23

A punctuation mark used to denote an abrupt break, pause in a sentence, or hesitation in an utterance

Question 24

Declarative sentences

Answer 24

A type of sentence structure used chiefly for making statements. The sentence structure is usually subject/verb/object.

Question 25

Description

Answer 25

The picturing in words of something or someone through detailed observation of color, motion, sound, taste, smell, and touch; one of the four modes of discourse

Question 26

Examples

Answer 26

An individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern. Arguing by example is considered reliable if examples are demonstrably true or factual as well as relevant

Question 27

Exclamatory sentences

Answer 27

A type of sentence structure used chiefly to express strong feeling. Exclamatives begin with what or how. What is used with a noun phrase and how elsewhere.

Question 28

Figurative language

Answer 28

How authors use literal meaning to suggest non-literal meaning, including metaphors, extended metaphors, similes, symbols, personification, allusion, idiom, pun, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, and alliteration

Question 29

Figures of speech

Answer 29

Expressions, such as similes, metaphors, and personifications, that makes imaginative rather than literal, comparisons or associates

Question 30

Foreshadowing

Answer 30

The use of a hint or clue to suggest a larger event that occurs later in the work

Question 31

Genre

Answer 31

A type of literary work, such as a novel or poem; there are also subgenres, such as science fiction within larger genres

Question 32

Gerund

Answer 32

A verbal that ends in -in and functions as a noun (subject, complement, direct object, or object of a preposition) Ex: Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. My cat’s favorite activity is sleeping. The police arrested him for speeding.

Question 33

Hyperbole

Answer 33

Deliberate exaggeration in order to create humor or emphasis

Question 34

Idioms

Answer 34

An expression in usage of a language that has meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined literal meanings of its elements. It takes on meaning beyond itself that is known to members of the culture which uses them.

Question 35

Imperative sentences

Answer 35

A type of sentence structure used chiefly for issuing a directive or command. The imperative verb has the base form and the subject is generally absent (the missing subject is understood to be you) Ex: Take off your hat. Make yourself at home. Let no one move.

Question 36

Interrogative sentences

Answer 36

A type of sentence used for asking questions. The operator ( first auxiliary verb) comes before the subject, or the sentence begins with an __ word (who, how, why) or an __ expression (on which day, for how long) Ex: did you hear that noise? Why is Pat so annoyed? At which point should I stop?

Question 37

Logic

Answer 37

The process of reasoning or using reasoned arguments

Question 38

Moderate

Answer 38

To make less extreme of intense

Question 39

Noun

Answer 39

A part of speech that indicates a person, place, or idea.

Question 40

Parenthesis

Answer 40

Used by the author to whisper a witty aside to the reader or to embed additional information in a sentence.

Question 41

Parts of speech

Answer 41

Adjective, adverb, conjunction, determiner, noun, preposition, pronoun, and verb

Question 42

Personification

Answer 42

The attribution of human qualities to a nonhuman or inanimate object. It is a metaphorical representation.

Question 43

Phrase

Answer 43

A unit below the clauses; it may consist of one word, or a word with many modifiers. Ex: noun: an old quarrel Verb- may laugh Adj- extremely happy Adverb- frankly enough Preposition- I took several courses in history

Question 44

Point of view

Answer 44

The perspective from which a story is presented

Question 45

Predicate

Answer 45

The verb and any of its objects or complements in a clause Ex:I ‘learned all of this later.’ The chef ‘is a young man with a broad experience of the word.’

Question 46

Preposition

Answer 46

A part of speech that introduces a ___ phrase. The preposition links the complement in the phrase to some other expression.

Question 47

Pronoun

Answer 47

Parts of speech that are special types of nouns that take the place of another noun or noun phrase and refer back to it. Classes of them include personal ( I, me, you, us, he, she, it, they, them, etc), possessive (my, mine, our, your, his, her, their, etc,), reflexive (myself, herself, themselves,etc), demonstrative (this, that, these, those), reciprocal (each other, one another), interrogative (who, whom, whose, which, what), relative (who, whom, whose, which, whatever, that, etc), and indefinite (many, the somebody, something, anyone, etc)

Question 48

Punctuation

Answer 48

Standardized marks or signs to clarify the meaning and separate structural units Period, comma, dash, colon, semicolon, and parentheses

Question 49

Quotations

Answer 49

Use of another author’s words to add support or validity to one’s writing.

Question 50

Repetition

Answer 50

A word or phrase used two or more times in close proximity. Religion allows an author allows an author to hammer him an idea, image, or relationship, to force the reader or listener to pay attention. Used to reinforce a theme, create parallel structure, highlight the author’s tone, provide transitions, etc

Question 51

Rhetorical question

Answer 51

A question asked for rhetorical effect to emphasize a point, no answer being expected. Sometimes used by the author on themselves to drive the point home more

Question 52

Semicolon

Answer 52

A punctuation used to: - to join independent clauses in compound sentences that do not have coordinating conjunctions and commas as connectors - to separate long or complicated items in series which already includes commas - to separate two longs or complex independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction if confusion would result from using a comma

Question 53

Statistics

Answer 53

A quantity (as the mean of a sample) that is computed from a sample.

Question 54

Stereotype

Answer 54

A character who represents a trait that is usually attributed to a particular social or racial group and who lacks individuality

Question 55

Subordinating conjunction

Answer 55

A conjunction which introduces a subordinate clause. After, although, as, as long as, because, before, except that, if, since, unless, when, where, while, etc

Question 56

Subject

Answer 56

The main idea or topic of the text, also, the element of a sentence that usually comes before the verb in a declarative sentence and after the operator in an interrogative sentence.

Question 57

Theme

Answer 57

The central idea or message of a literary work. Must be stated in a complete sentence

Question 58

Verb

Answer 58

A part of speech that indicates action or state of being